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SYLLABUS 



FOR THE STUDY OF 



The National Period of the History 
of the United States 

(REVISED) 



LESTER BURRELL SHIPPEE 



UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 



Published by 

THE FERINE BOOK COMPANY 

MINNEAPOLIS 

1921 



SYLLABUS 



FOR THE STUDY OF 



The National Period of the History 
of the United States 

[REVISED] 



LESTER BURRELL SHIPPEE 



UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 



Published by 

THE FERINE BOOK COMPANY 

MINNEAPOLIS 

1921 



E 



.c. 



Copyruthl. 1921. 



Lestek Bukrell Shippee 



OCT -I lb^^ci.A627l04 



\\ 



In the following pages the references are, for the most part, to some 
of the better known sources only. For further investigation of the vari- 
ous phases of American History, however, there are several bibliographi- 
cal aids with which the student should have at least a bowing acquaintance. 

Gianning. Hart and Turner, Guide to flic Study and Reading of 
Annrican History (1912), is by far the most usable for the average per- 
son. In addition to enumerating the principal works of a standard na- 
ture, tlie dififerent aspects of American History are treated topically each 
subject being followed by a list of works, source and secondary, which 
are especially valuable. A detailed index adds further convenience to the 
compilation. 

J. N. Larned, Literature of .Inieriean History: a IViblioiirapliieal 
Cuide (1902), not only enumerates the principal works on American His- 
tory, but contains a brief critical note evaluating eacli item. Supplements 
to this work extend through 1904. 

An annual publication, IVritings on .Inieriean History, the first vol- 
ume of which appeared in 1902, contains a list of practically all books 
and articles dealing with all phases of American history appearing dur- 
ing the year, the date of which is borne by the volume. The titles are 
classified by periods and by topics, but there is no critical note, althougli 
ii! some cases reference is made to reviews appearing in various periodi- 
cals. 

One class of material, the publications of historical societies, has been 
made available by A. P. C. Grififin in Bibliography of .-inieriean Historical 
Societies (American Historical Association, Annual Report. 1905, Vol. II). 
Since articles of this nature are, for the most part, unnoticed by Poole's 
Index ."n-j tlic l\\-(ider's Cuide. (iritfin performed an invaluable service 
l(ir all uUerrsted in American history, particularly in its local phases. 
An index, not wholly satisfactory, increases the usefulness of the work. 
Since 1905 Writings on American Histoiy continue in a different form 
llie classification of such material. 

Among general bibliographical aids some of the more important are 
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, followed by tlte Readers' Guide, 
and Suffylenients. United States Catalog with the Supplements and the 
Cumulative Book Index, tlie A. I.. ./. Catalog, 8,000 Volumes for a Popu- 
lar Library. :>.'itli notes, issued iiy the Library of Congress, which also 
publisbes a Monthly List of State Publications. A fuller list of bibliogra- 
phies, outlines and indexes is given in Channing. Hart and Turner, Cuide. 
Sec. 21-26. 

Tiiere are at least three technical periodicals which are constantly of 
use to the student: the American Historical Revicm. the Mississippi Val- 
ley Historical Re-iie:^. and the Historical Outlook (formerly the History 
Teacher's Magacine.) Tlie first contains contributions on all fields of 
history, while the second confines itself to articles dealing alone witli 
-American history, principally, as the title indicates, tliose concerning the 
central jiortion of the United States. The third is a professional maga- 
zine. .All three contain notices and reviews of new contributions to the 
literature of .American History. 



PRELIMINARIES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

\'arious interi)i'etatioiis of the Revolution. 

Underlying causes: Americanization of colonists; geographic separation 
from mother country; the north, south, and west; large degree of 
economic independence; political self-sufficiency. 

Changes in British colonial policy after 1763: old colonial system; state 
of politics in England; imperialization ; military; fur-trade; Procla- 
mation of 1763; revision of laws of trade; determination to have col- 
onials bear portion of expense. 

Colora'al opposition: Stamp Act, 1765, and its repeal, 1766; Declaratory 
Act; Townshend Acts; colonial protests, 1767-1768; the radicals; 
partial repeal of acts and growing colonial dissatisfaction, 1771-1774. 

Precipitation of tlie struggle: Tea Party; Coercive acts; First Continent- 
al Congress and the Association 1774; plans to restore cordial rela- 
tions with England ; developing idea of independence. 

REQUIRED READINGS: Bassett, Sliorf history of the United States, 
161-184. MacDonald, Docuwriitary Source Book. Xos. 29, 32-49. 

C OLUATERIAL READING : 

Source Material: A. B. Hart, Aiiieriea)i history told by conte)nporaries, 
II, ch. 21-25. Letters and other writings of men of the Revolution- 
ary period are valuable, although in each case the personal bias of the 
man must be considered : there are available the collected works of 
such men as John Dickinson, John Adams, Samuel Adams, George 
Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefiferson, John Jay, Stephen 
Hopkins, <-/ <//.,• important documents are found in Henry, Life of Pat- 
rick Henry. Force, .Inierican Archives. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, History of the United States. 11 ch. 1-6; 
G. E. Howard, Preliminaries of the .Imerican Rcx'olntion ( .lineriean 
Nation vol. 8) ; W. E. H. Lecky, History of Enijland in the eighteenth 
century. Ill, ch. 12; Cambridge modem history. VII, ch. 5; G. P. 
Fisher, Struggle for American Independence, I, ch. 3-14; R. Frothing- 
ham. Rise of the republic, ch. 5-10; C. Becker, Beginnings of the Amer- 
ican people, 202-248; C. W. Alvord. Mississippi Valley in British pol- 
itics. 2 vols.; C. L. Beer, British colonial policy. 1754-1763, ch. 1. 8-14; 
A. M. Schlesinger, Tlie colonial merchants and the American Revolu- 
tion. 1763-1776; C. W. Alvord, The Illinois country, ch. 12-14; Arohi- 
l)ald Henderson, I'he conquest of tlie Old .South7cesl. ch. 1-15. 



II. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

Opening of hostilities ; patriotic organizations ; comimittees of correspon- 
dence ; protests and resolutions ; armed conflict in Alassaclmsetts ; Sec- 
ond Continental Congress, 1775; simultantous attempts at conciliation 
and management of a revolution. 

Growth of desire for political independence: majority of colonials for 
reconciliation in 1775 and 1776; fostering of independence move by 
active minority ; organization of State governments ; Declaration of 
Independence. 

Congress and the Revolutionary War ; lack of coherence among colonies ; 
fear of centralized power ; financial and military difficulties of Con- 
gress ; hampering by State governments. 

Military situation: military center moved from New Plngland to Middle 
States; French Alliance, 1778; principal military operations in South, 
1778-1781 ; Yorktown campaign ; conquest of West. 

Treaty of peace: negotiations opened' 1782; Spain and the colonies; Count 
of Vergennes ; Lord Shelbournc and Franklin; sepri^t- peace with 
England by each opponent ; definitive treaty, Sept. 3, 1883 ; success of 
American plenipotentiaries in terms obtained. 

REQUIRED READING: Bassett, Short History. 186-219. MacDonalH, 
Documentary Source Book, Nos. 50, 52. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: Hart, Anirricuu History told by Coiiteiiiporarics. 

II, ch. 26-31, 34, 35. Letters, etc., as indicated in I. John and Abigail 
Adams, FamiViar Letters during the American Rcz'olution. Force. 
American Archives, 4th and 5th scries. Jonnuils of the Continental 
Congress, ed. Ford and Hunt. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing. History of the United States. 

III, ch. 7-12. Van Tyne, The America)! Rei'olution {American Na- 
tion, vol. 9), ch. 3-8, 10-17. Cambridge Modern History, VII. ch. 6. 
J. Fiske, A.merican Revolution. 2 vols. E. M. Avery, History of the 
United States. VI, ch. 1-10. W. E. H. Lecky. American Revolution. 
R. Frothingham. Rise of the Republic, (j. P. Fisher, Struggle for 
American Independence (see table of contents in each volume for 
various topics). C. Becker, Beginnings of the American People, 248- 
274. T. Roosevelt, Winning of the West. 1. II. M. Farrand, "Th^ 
West and Princii)les of the Revolution," )'(;/(' Review, XVII, 44; C. W. 
Alvord, 77((' Illinois country, ch. 15. 



III. 

THE CONFEDERATION PERIOD. 

Condition of the United States : bankrupt condition of the country after 
the war ; economic situation : comparatively slight effect of war on 
bulk of population ; attempt to return to ante-bellum conditions ; cur- 
rency and less satisfactory condition of debtor classes ; demand for 
paper money ; Shaves' Rebellion ; social re-organization ; fear of an 
aristocracy of birth — Cincinnati; difficult position of Tories. 
State governments : States practically sovereign during Revolution ; adap- 
tation of colonial organization to new situation ; predominence of 
legislatures. 
Central organization : .\rticles of Confederation in effect, 1781 ; step 
toward a more perfect union ; features of central machinery ; critical 
weaknesses of Articles ; necessity of Articles as preliminary to strong 
union. 
Problems of Conferderation government : peace negotiations ; boundaries 
and western lands — acquisition of national domain, Northwest Ordi- 
nance; financial re-organization; unsuccessful attempts to amend Art! 
cles ; slavery issues; establishment of foreign relations — commercial 
and territorial issues. 
REQUIRED READING: Fish. Pcvclot^iucul of Amcncan Natiouality. 
ch. 2. Bassett, Short History. 222-240. MacDonald. Docuiiiriitary 
Sourer Book. Nos. 51, 53. 
COLLATERAL READING; 

Source M.\ter.\i, : Hart, .hiicrican History told by Coiitonporarics, 
III, ch. 2, 3, 5. 7, 8. .\. Hamilton, Iforks. (Hamilton edition). 1, 

(Lodge edition), I, 203-315. 
Second.'VRV Material; Channing, L'uitcd States. Ill, ch. 12-15, 17. Mc- 
Laughlin, Coiifcdrnitioii and Co>istitutiou . ( .1 iiu-rican Nation), ch. 3- 
10. E. M. Avery. Ignited States. \T, ch. 18-20. J. Eiske, Critical Period 
of Aineriean History. G. T. Curtis, History of the Constitution. I, 
144-151, 260-274. G. Hunt, James Madison, ch. 5, 6, 7. J. T. Morse, Jr., 
Thomas Jefferson, ch. (), /. Biographies of such men as Washington, 
John Adams, Samuel Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Oliver Ellsworth, 
Elbridge Gerry, Robert Morris. 

For aspects of the West; B. A. Hinsdale, Old X orthzcests : W'inst.r, 
The ll'estzivrd Mo7'e)nent; C. W. Alvord, The Illinois eountry. ch. 16- 
18; .'\. Hendersrn, The eon;uesl of thi Old Southwest, ch. 19, 20. 
For the |)erio(I from 1783 to 1860 J. B. AlcMaster, History of the f^eo- 
fle of llie [ niied States, becomes one of the most important i>f th(> 
secondary works. It contains much material on social and economic 
as well as political phases of our history. The mass of detail makes 
the narrative hard to follow unless this is already somewhat in mind. 
For this topic, I, ch. 1-3. J. Schouler, History of the United States. 
I. cli. 1, sec. 1 ; this is another standard work. 



IV. 
THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS ADOPTION. 

Steps leading to the Federal Gonvention : Pelatiah Webster plan, Massa- 
chusetts call ; Virginia-Maryland convention ; Annapolis convention — 
call from Confederation Congress requested; Congress and call for 
delegates to Philadelphia. 

Federal Convention, 1787: delegates and their selection: organization of 
the convention; principal plans submitted — ^national government vs. 
continued confederation, Virginia and New Jersey plans ; working out 
of compromises — so-called Connecticut Compromise vital ; subordin- 
ate compromises; adjustment of two opposing views; perfecting the 
details : economic basis. 

Ratification of Constitution : submission to people of States according to 
Ccnventirn's plan ; development of opposition to document — Federal- 
ists and Anti-Federalists ; State conventions ; early ratification by five 
State- : the critical States ; ratification by eleven States and Constitu 
tion put into operation ; minority approval of Constitution ; proposed 
amendments. 

Nature of Constitution : popular view as somewhat strengthened Articles 
of Confederation; development of idea of Constitution as basis of 
strong central government a matter of time and an outgrowth of eco- 
nomic development of country. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of Jiiieriean Nationality 
ch. 3. (Bassett, Short History. 240-254.) MacDonald, Doenmentary 
Source Book, No. 54. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

SouRCK M.\teri.\l: The source of most of our information about the 
framing of the Constitution is in the Madison Papers; these are found 
in editions of Madison's Works, (e. g.. Hunt edition. III and IV). 
The best edition is M. Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention. 
wh'ich also contains notes by other members of the body. Volume V. 
of J. Elliot, Debates on the adoption of the Federal Constitution, also 
contains Madison's Notes; the other volumes contain material on 
the ratification by the States. Notes by several delegates are found 
in American Historical Reviezv. III. 310, VIII, 509, IX, 310, X, 07, 
XI, 595, and C. R. King. Riifiis King, I, 587-621. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, United States. Ill, cii. 16-18, Mc- 
Laughlin, Confederation and Cotistitution , cli. 11-18. G. T. Curtis. 
Constitutional History. I, ch. 15-32. Schouler, United States, I, ch. 1, 
sec. 2-i. McMaster, People of the United States, I, ch. 4-5. R. Hil- 
dreth. History of the United Stales. Ill, ch. 47; as one of the older 
standard works Hildreth deserves consideration, but it must be remem- 
bered that he wrote with a strong Federalist bias. C. A. Beard, An 
Fconoinie Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States 



O. G. Libb\', Ccoyraphical Distribution of the Vote: A. J. Bcveridge, 
Life of John Marshall. I ; Max Farrand, The Fathers of the eoiititii- 
tioii. 



V. 

FEDERALIST ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW 
GOVERNMENT. 

Personnel of tlie new government : selection of president, vice-president, 
and members of both houses of congress ; election in general of men 
in favor of new scheme : manv new men in congress ; general inclina- 
tion to give new plan a fair trial. 

Organization: belated assembly of Congress in New York; inauguration of 
president; building the machine — creation of administrative organiza- 
tion ; necessity of building from ground to great extent. 

Judicial organization : no general scheme in Constitution ; Congress lays 
foundation of Federal courts; scope of Federal jurisdiction. 

Financial issues : providing a revenue ; the first tariff, clash- of sectional 
interests; Hamilton and the establishment of the credit of the United 
States — 'Chaotic condition of finances, funding and assumption, internal 
revenue, relation to selection of permanent seat of government. United 
States Bank. 

Adoption of Bill of Rights: first ten amendments to constitution: re:d 
significance of amendments. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of Ameneau Nationality. 
ch. 4. (Bassett, Short History. 256-274.) MacDonald, Doettineiifary 
Soiiree Book, No. 55; MacDonald. Select Documents, Nos. 9-12. 

COLLATERAL READING : 

Source Material: Hart, .hneriean ///.v/o/y told by Conteniporarie.;. 
Ill, Nos. 92-97. Congressional discussions are to be found in .Innals 
of the Confjress of the United States (.huials of Congress) .42 vohtine:;. 
covering 1789 to 1824; Register of Debates in Congress, {Congress- 
ional !)ebates), 29 volumes, 1825-1837; Congressional Globe, contain- 
ing the Debates and Proeeedin(/s. 108 volumes, 1833-1873; and Con- 
gressioudl Record, eonlaining the I'riH'eedings and Debates. 187.^ 
T. H. Bentdn. .Ibridgment of the [h^bates in Congress, covers the 
period from 1789 to 1850 in summary in a satisfactory manner. Stat- 
utes of the Cnited Slates at Large. 1789, contain the enactments of 



Congress, and in tlic later voUunes, treaties and proclamations. Offi- 
cial papers from the presidents to Congress are in Richardson, Mes- 
sages and Papers of the Presidents. Collected works of public men 
are valuable for obtaining the personal reaction of those who are 
instrumental in shaping the early organization of the government. 
Second.\ry Material: E. Channing, United States, IV, ch. 2. Bassett, 
Federalist System. .{American Nation, vol. 11), ch. 1-2. Schouler, 
United States. I. ch. 1. E. Stanwood. History of the Presidency, ch. 1-3. 
D. R. Dewe}', Pinaneial History of the United States, ch. 4-5. Lodge, 
Alexander Hamilton, ch. 5-6. Lodge, George Washington, ch. 11, pp. 
41-81. H. Adams, Albert GaUatin. bk. 2. F. W. Tausig, Tariff His- 
tory of the United States, pp. 8-17; H. J. Ford, Ale.vander Hamilton. 



VI. 

INTERNAL ISSUES AND THE FORMATION OF 
PARTIES. 

Issues giving rise to political differentiation: financial measures; assump- 
tion of State Revolutionary debts, the excise — Whiskey Insurrection, 
administration of internal revenue, protective features of tariff ; sec- 
tional antagonism, seaboard vs. inland regions, agricultural vs. com- 
mercial sections, northern vs. sioiuthern regions ; class antagonism, 
creditor I's. debtor groups; foreign relatio.ns as domestic political is- 
sue. 

Interpretation of Constitution : "loose" construction and "strict" con- 
struction ; centralizing tendencies opposed to enhancement of States' 
Rights, Chisholm 7'.?. Georgia and Amendment XI — -gain for States' 
Rights. 

Beginning of ])arty alignment; Federalists — supporters of strong central 
government, "loose" constructionists, extension of powers of Federal 
government, identification with groups of established material inter- 
ests ; Anti-Federalists — Democrats — Democratic-Republican party, 
"strict" constructionists and advocates of strong State government, 
leadership of Thomas Jefferson. 

Political parties and the Federal government ; attempt of Washington to 
prevent partisan alignment ; gradual drifting to Federalists ; difference 
in personnel of earlier and later executive heads. Federalist tinge in 
acts of congress. 

RKQUIKl';i) Ri:.\DlN(i: K. Channing, I'nited Slates. W. ch. 3-4. Bas- 
sett, 1-ederalist System, ch. 3. Hart, .Imeriean History laid by Con- 
temfyoraries. Ill, eh. 13. 



COLLATERAL READING: 

Source AIaterial: A. Hamilton, ITorks (Hamilton Ed.), IV, V. VH, 
(Lodge Ed.), VI, VIII. T. Jefferson, Jl'ritiugs (Ford ed.). I, 154-272, 
V. 328-507. (t. Washington. Writings (Ford ed.), XII, XIII. J. Madi- 
son, ll'ritinijs (Hunt ed.), VI, 46-123. W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, 
III, 387-428. Ames, Works of Fisher Ames. A. C. Morris, Diary and 
Letters of Goitver]ieiir Morris. 

Secondary Material: Hildreth, fnited .States. IV, 39-46. 29I-3(X3, 343- 
376. McMaster, I'eople of the I'nited .States. II, 47-58, 85-88. Schouler, 
i^nited .States, I, 180-196, 216-237. Schouler, Thomas Jefferson, ch. 
10-11. Morse, Thomas Jefferson, cii. 8-10. Lodge, George Washing- 
ton, II, ch. 5. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton (rev. ed.), 80-83. 136-152. 
Hunt, James Madison, ch. ZZ, ZA. Austin, Elbridgc Gerry, 11, ch. 4. 
\V. G. Brown. Oliver Ellszi'orth, ZZ3-Z37. McLaughlin and Hart, Cv- 
elopedia of .Imerican Goz'ernment, articles on Democratrc-Republican 
Party, Federalist Party. J. P. Gordy, History of Political Parties in 
file United States, I, ch. 8-13. M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and Politi- 
cal Parties, II, 1-3. C. E. Merriam, American Political Theories. 122- 
175. Geo. Gibbs, Administrations of Washington and .-idains. I, ch 1-4; 
Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, II, ch. 2, 3; C. A. Beard, Economic 
origins of Jcffcrsonian Democracy, ch. 1-7. 



VII. 
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF FEDERALISM. 

Provincial outlook of United States : continued dependence on Pairope 
for material things and intellectual guidance; reflection in America 
of changing phases of European politics ; paramount significance of 
European affairs in guiding party policies of United States. 

Relations with Spain : Spanish control of the Mississippi, significance 
for (he West, relation to unsettled condition of trans-Alleghany re- 
gion to 1803; trade with Spanish America; the Floridas ; Spain and 
the peace treaty lof 1783; Indian difficulties; treaty of 1795. 

Relations with France: influence of French Revolution on United States, 
the British and the French parties in America ; war between (ireat 
Britain and France, Proclamation of N^eutrality, 1793 — relation to 
treaty of 1778; Genet and his A,merican career; privateers and neu- 
trality; intensification of partisanshij) in United States; grievances 
against France growing out of European wars. 

Relati'Dus with Great I>ritian : questions left from Revolution ; no treaty 

10 



of commerce ; boundary disputes ; fisheries ; Indian troubles ; issues 
arising from Franco-Britisli war, neutral trade — especially with rela- 
tion to West Indies, impressments ; treaty negotiated by John Jay, 
1794-5, American opposition to treaty, constitution issues evoked by 
treaty. 
Relations with the Barbary States. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of American Nationality, 
ch. 5. MacDonald, Documentary Source Book, Nos. 56, 57. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material : The greater portion of diplomatic papers for the 
period following 1789 are to be found in Atnerican State Papers, For- 
eign Relations; those covering Washington's administrations are in 
vol. I. J. Jay, Correspondence, IV. Hart, American History told by 
Contemporaries, III, sec. 92-91 . Turner, Correspondence of the French 
Ministers to the United States, American Historical Association, Re- 
port, 1903, II. T. Jefferson, Writings (Ford ed.), I, 179-272, V, 198- 
515. VI, VII, 1-84. J. Monroe, Writings. 1. 250-303, II, III, 1-94, 383- 
457. C. R. King, Rufus King, I, ch. 24-31, II, ch. 2-9. F. Ames, IVorks. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, United States, IV, ch. 5. Bassett, 
Federalist System, 84-136. Schouler, United States, I, 165-233 passim. 
J. Foster, Century of Americaji Diplomacy, 136-176. W. H. Trescott, 
Diplomatic History of the administrations of Washington and Adams 
T. Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, 1S79-1836, I. McLaughlin, 
Western Posts and British Debts, American Historical Association, 
Report, 1894, 413. Shepherd, "Wilkinson and the beginnings of the 
Spanish controversy," American Historical Review, IX, 490. James, 
"Louisiana as a factor in American Diplomacy, 1795-1800," Miss. Val- 
ley Historical Reviezi.*, I, 44. B. W. Bond, Monroe's Mission to France ; 
Beveridge, Marshall, II, ch. 1. 



VIII. 

ADAMS AND THE DOWNFALL OF FEDERALISM. 

Unfavorable conditions attending Adamis' administration: personality of 
Adams ; dissention within Federalist ranks ; the "Essex Junto" and 
Hamilton ; divided cabinet ; loss of conciliating influence of Washing- 
ton ; rivalry of partisan press. 

11 



Increasingly difficult foreign situation : break with France ; hostile atti- 
tude of Directory after recall of Monroe ; discourtesy to American 
Minister ; the special mission and the "X. Y. Z. affair" ; diplomatic 
relations severed ; naval operations in West Indies. 
Domestic reaction to foreign situation: wave of popularity tor Adams; 
drastic legislation by Fedteralist majority in congress. Alien and Sedi- 
tion Acts, Naturalization Act, enforcement of acts ; Republicans dis- 
couraged ; Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions — program of States' 
Rights, "strict" constructionist, party; answers of other States: second 
Kentucky Resolutions. 
Political revolution of 1800: Federalists overreach themselves; method 
of enforcing Sedition Act; growing division among Federalists; elec- 
tion of Jefferson and Burr ; operation 'of Constitution in election of 
President ; selection of President by House of Representatives ; signi- 
ficance of growing democracy in election. 

REQUIRED READING: Fhh. Dcvclo!yme)it of American Nationality. 
ch. 6. (Bassett, Short History, 276-290.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book, Nos. 58-64. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: Hart, .Imerican History told by Contemporaries. 
Ill, No. 98, civ. 15. American State Papers, Foreign Relations, I, Cor- 
respondence of the French Ministers, Am. Hist. Assn., Report, 1903, 
n. 968-1098. Ames and McMaster, X. )'. Z. Papers. W. C. Ford 
Some Letters of Elbridge Gerry, 9-20. T. Jefferson, IVritings (Ford 
ed.), VII, 244-389. J. Madison. IVritings (Hunt ed.), VI, 320-406. 
"Letters of William Vans Murray to J. Q. Adams, 1797-1803." \m. 
Hist. Assn., Report. 1912. 343-715. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, Cnited States. IV. cIl 7. 8. Bas 
sett. Federalist Syston, 204-252. Schouler, United States, I. cli. 4. 
McMaster. United States. II. 209-416. Stanwood. History of the Presi- 
dency, ch. 4. Hildreth. United States. IV. 685-704. V, rh. 10, 11. 13, 
14. Morse, John Adams. 261-283. C. F. Adlams. John Adams. IT. 
dh. 10. H. A. Garland. John Randolph. I. ch. 18-23. H. S. Randall, 
Thomas Jefferson, II, ch. 6-10. C. W. Upham. Timothy Pickering, III. 
ch. 8-12. J. T. Austin. Elbridge Gerry, II. ch. 5-8. J. A. Foster. Cen- 
tury of American Diplomacy. 176-184. 226-228. G. Gibbs. Administra- 
tions of IV'ashmgton and Adams, I, 13-15, II, 1-4. G. W. Allen. Naval 
War with France; Beveridge, Marshall, II, ch. 6-9; Beard. Economic 
origins of the J effersonian democracy, ch. 11-14. 



12 



IX. 

THE UNITED STATES AT THE OPENING OF THE 
NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

The settled area: essentially a seaboard community; Alleghanies to con- 
siderable extent the western boundary ; difficulties of communication 
and intercourse. 

The people : the distribution of the population ; preponderance of English 
element ; greater mixture in middle States ; scattered non-English com- 
munities ; social strata ; effects of slavery and diminution of anti- 
slavery organization ; conditions of living essentially those of colonial 
period. 

Growing significance of West : Northwest and Southwest territories ; 
westward flow of population ; tendency of unified type to go West ; 
routes and methods of travel; new States (Vermont essentially "west- 
ern") ; western problems as national issues; Indian relations; Treaty 
of ureencastle ; Spanish and British questions ; significance of the 
Mississippi. 

Political and sodal revolution of 1800; significance of rise of Democratic- 
Republican party: clash of radicals and conservatives; importance of 
west in movement, political democracy an outgrowth of economic 
democracy, tendency of political power to move westward, influence 
upon national policies ; beginning of gradual permeation of demo^ 
cratic doctrines in older regions. 

NOTE. The material for this topic is scattered, consequently there can 
be few references w^hich deal specifically with this subject alone. Ma 
terial must be sought through a wide range of reading. 

REQUIRED READING: H. Adams, History of the United States, 
I, ch. 1-6. This work, in nine volumes, covers the period of Jefferson's 
and Madison's administrations in a manner unequalled! by any other 
writer. While somewhat diffuse and a little biased it is an invaluable 
record. As much as possible of the six chapters should be read. Hart . 
Contemporaries, III, ch. 2-5. 

COLLATERAL READING. 

Source M.\terial: Thomas Ashe, Travels in America in j8n6. Timothy 
Dwight, Travels, in Neiv England and New York (1796-1815). Fran- 
cis Baily, Journal of a tour in unsettled parts of North jlmeriea in 
1796 and 1797. Robert Sutcliff, Travels in some parts of North Amer- 
ica, in the years iSn-f. i8<)5, and iSod. Isaac Weld, Travel through the 
States of North A>iieriea. and the Troz'inces of Upper and Ltrwer Can- 
ada, during the years 1795. 1796 and 1797. 

Secondary Material: C. A. Beard, Economic Interpretation of the Con- 
stitution, and Some Economic origins of Jefferson Democracy. Mc- 

13 



Master, People of the United States, II, ch. 10, III, ch. 16. Channing 
United States, IV, ch. 4, 6-10, contains scattered references. F. N. 
Thorpe, Constitutional History of the American People, I, ch. 7, 8; 
Gaillard Hunt, Life in America one hundred years ago. For the 
"West" lists of references are found in F. J. Turner, List of refer- 
ences on the History of the West (ed. 1915), sec. 12, 13, 14. Babcock 
Rise of A)nerican A^ationality, (American Nation), ch. 15 Turner 
Rise of the New West, (American Nation, vol. 14), ch. 5-7. Roose- 
velt, lUinning of the IVest. IV, ch. 3. 5; C. W. Alvord, The Illinois 
countrx ch. 19. 



X. 

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY. 

Thomas Jefferson as the exponent of the new era : Jefferson's early career : 
in Revolution, in Virginia political life, member of Confederation 
Congress, minister to France, secretary of state, vice-president ; politi- 
cal and social principles of Jefferson. 

Jefferson's political theories in action : "Republican simplicity" ; Gallatin 
and the finances, reduction of debt, cutting down expenses, elimination 
of excise; simplification of Federal government; civil service, repudi- 
ation of "mid-night appointments." removals, "equalization," little essen- 
tial difference from predecessors; Jefferson and! the judiciary, repeal 
of Federalist judiciary act, Marbury t. Aladison, Pickering and Chase 
cases ; Jefferson's appointments ; "loose construction" under John Mar- 
shall. 

Republican dissentions : Burr and the Federalists ; Jolin Randolph and 
Jefferson — the Yazoo lands (Fletcher z's. Peck, 1810) ; Florida and the 
Two million bill. 

Foreign questions : Spanish convention ; Trip'olitan affair ; Jefferson's 
gunboat policy. 

Opposition to Jefferson: Federalist opponents; separation discussion. 

REQUIRED READIN'G: Fish. De7-elopment of American Nationality. 
ch. 7. (Bassett. Short History, ch. 14.) Hart, Contemporaries. Ill, 
sec. 106-108, 110. 

COLLATERAL RI:ADING: 

Soircp: M.vtkrial: T. Jefferson, Wril'uujs (Ford cd.), I, 272-314, \'I1I, 
1-188. A. Gallatin, Writings. I. II. Adams, Neiv England Federalism. 
A. Hamilton, Works (Hamilton ed.), VI. VII. J. Monroe. Writings. 
Ill, 261-302. H. C. Lodge. George Cahot. 317-350. M. L. Davis, ./,;/•,-// 

14 



Bun, II, ch. 5-17. J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, comprising parts of his 
Diary from 1795 to 1848, I ; the twelve volumes of Adams' Memoirs 
become increasingly important from this time until Adam's death in 
1848 ; they are supplemented by his correspondence now in process of 
publication as his Works. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, United States, IV, ch. 9, 10. Chan- 
ning, Jeffcrsonian System, ch. 1-3, 9. McAlaster, United States, II, 
583-620, III, 146-215. Hildreth, United States, V, ch. 16-18. Schouler, 
United States, II, ch. 5. Stanwood, History of the Presidency, ch. 6. 
H. Adams, United States, I, ch. 7-12, II, ch.7, 9-23. III. ch. 1-9^ E. M. 
.A.very, History of the United States, VII, ch. 16, 17, 20. Morse. 
Thomas Jefferson, ch. 13, 15. Morse, /. Q. Adams, 25-37, 57-68. H. 
Adams, John Randolph, ch. 3, 5-7. H. Adams, Albert Gallatin, bk. 3. 
D. R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States, sec. 54-57. C. E. 
Merriam, American Political Theories, ch. 4. C. Fish, Civil Service 
and Patronage, ch. 2. E. M. Maclay, United States Navy, I, 214-302. 
T. Dwight, Character of Thomas Jefferson. Beveridge, Marshall, II, 
cli. 12; D. Muzzey, Thomas Jefferson. 



XI. 
JEFFERSON AND EXPANSION. 

Louisiana Purchase : previous history of Louisiana ; the Mississippi and 
the West; transfer to France; significance of transfer to United 
States ; proposal to buy New Orleans and West Florida ; offer and 
purchase of all Louisiana. 

Constitutional aspects of purchase: Jefferson regards as unconstitutional; 
appHcation of implied powers. 

Organization of Louisiana: 1804, 1805; Louisiana (State) admitted 1812. 

Boundary questions from Louisiana Purchase : Texas ; West Florida ; 
Oregon ; explorations : Pike ; Lewis and Clark. 

P'Urr Conspiracy and the West : Political career of Aaron Burr ; West- 
ern disaffection and Burr's projects: trial of Burr, treason under the 
constitution. Jefferson and Marshall. 

REQUIRED RF:ADING: Fish, Development of .American Nationality, 
ch. 7. (liassett, Short History, cli. 14.) MacDonald, Documentary 
.Source Book, No. 65. 

15 



COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: American State Papers. Foreign Relations, I; Mis- 
cellaneous, \. J. B. Moore, Digest of International Law, I. sec. 101, V, 
pp. 613-615. T. Jefferson, Writings (Ford ed.), VIIL 144, 172, 188-319. 
481-504, IX, 1-67, 141-144. J. Madison. Writings (Hunt ed.), VI, 448- 
464, VII, 1-156. J. Monroe, Writings, IV, 2-52, 499-509. R. G. 
Thwaites, Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804- 
1806. (8 vols.) Papers of Zehulon J/. Pike. Am. Hist. Revie^i'. 
XIII, 798. W. H. Safford, Blennerhassett Papers. Hart, American 
History told by contemporaries. Ill, sees. 111-115, 123. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, United States, IV, ch. 11, 12. Schou- 
ler. United States. II, 40-139. Channing, Jeffersonian System, ch 4-7. 
11, 12. McMaster, People of the United States, II, 620-633, III, ch. 15. 
Alorse, Thomas Jefferson, ch. 14. D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, 77-96. 
G. Tucker, Thomas Jefferson. H, ch. 9, 10. H. Adams. United States, 
I, ch. 13-17. II, 5-17. Ill, 1. 5-7, 9-14, 19. E. C. Semple, American 
History and its geographic conditions, ch. 6. F. A. Ogg, Opening of 
the Mississippi. c\\: 10-14. H. B. Fuller, Purchase of Florida, ch. 3-5. 
W. F. McCalcb, .Aaron Burr Conspiracy. 



XII. 

EUROPEAN WARS AND AMERICAN NEUTRALITY. 

Vital clash of interests avoided during European wars, 1793-1801. Napo- 
leonic Wars and grievances of United States: Impressment — signifi- 
cance for England, question of allegiance and naturalization ; Chesa- 
peake-Leopard affair, 1807 ; Neutral trade — 'West Indies commerce and 
Rule of War of 1756. Decrees and Orders in Council and American 
trade, 1805-7; Failure of Monroe-Pinckney mission. 1806-7. 

JeffersMnian policy — concessions by economic pressure: ports closed to 
British public vessels ; non-importation with Great Britain, Embargo, 
1807-9. Non-intercourse, 1809-10. Macon Bill No. 2. 

Significance of policy for .^merican economic interests: Tendency to 
overrate distress; diificullies of Embargo enforcement. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of .Inieriean Nationality, 
102-113. MacDonald. Documentary .Source Book. Nos. 66. 67. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

.SoiKc K Matkul\l: American State Papers, Foreign Relation, III, Com- 
merce. 1. T. Jefiferson, Writings (Ford ed.), 1, 307-339. VIII. 319-504, 

16 



IX, 1-327. J. Madison, Writings (Hunt ed.), VI, 423-428, VII, 79-469, 
VIII, 1-172. J. Monroe, Writings, IV, 52-495, V, 1-201, 353-364. J. Q. 
Adams, Memoirs, I. A. Gallatin, Writings, I. Hart, Contonfyorarics. 
Ill, sec. 116-122. H. V. Ames, State Documents, 26-44. 

Secoxd.\ry Material: E. Channing, United States. IV, ch. 13-15. Chan- 
ning, Jcfferso)iian System, ch. 13-20. K. C. Babcock, Rise of American 
Nationality, ch. 1-3. Schouler, United States, II, 108-353. E. M. 
Avery, United States, VII, ch. 21. H. Adams, United States. Ill, ch. 
15-18, IV, ch. 1-20, V, ch. 1-19. A. T. Mahan, Sea Pozver and the War 
of i8iJ. I, 99-259. E. L. Bogart, Economic History of the United 
States, sec. 101-107. G. S. Callender, Economic History of the United 
States, 239-260. E. B. Elliott, Doctrine of continuous zroyages. G. 
Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, ck. 8-13. C. W. Upham, Timothy Pick- 
ering. IV, ch. 3-5. G. Hunt, James Madison, ch. 30. E. Quincy, Josiah 
Onincy, ch. 6-8. 



XIII. 
THE WAR OF 1812. 

Factors leading to war : Impressment, blockade, Indian disorders ; potency 
of party politics; influence of West (Clay). 

Declaration of War ; Aladison's War Message, 1 June. 1812 ; Declaration 
of War, 18 June; Withdrawal of Orders in Council, 23 June. 

The War : Land War — Attempt on Canada ; British operations in United 
States; Battle of New Orleans (after treaty signed) ; naval warfare — 
American success in first year ; tightening of British' blockade : the 
privateers. 

Treaty of Ghent, 24 December, 1812. 

Opposition to War: Political and economic aspects of opposition; Fed- 
eralist opposition to Republican Har, blow to trade, securities unset- 
tled ; question of militia and national service ; culmination of Feder- 
alist opposition in Hartford Convention. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of American Nationality, 
113-126. (Bassett, Short History, ch. 15.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book, Nos. 68-70. 

COLLATERAL READING : 

Source Material: American State Papers, Roreign, III, Finance, II. 
Commerce, I, Military, I. Naval. I, Hart, Centemporarics, III, sec. 
124-128. .ViV.'v U'eekiy Register. I-\^III: this paper, issued from 1811 

17 



to 1849, is one of the best general sources of information for the period, 
especially for political matters. J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, II, III. A. 
Gallatin, IVrituigs, I. J. Madison. Writings (Hunt ed.). VIII, 173 
334. G. M. Dallas, J. J. Dallas, 234-400. H. Clay, IVorks (Colton ed), 
I. ch. 4, IV, ch. 1. Jas. Gallatin, A great peace maker; the diary of 
James Gallatin, secretary to Albert Gallatin, etc. Letters relating to 
the negotiation at Ghent. 1812-1814, Am. History Rev.. XX, 108-129; 
T. Dwight, History of the Hartford convention. 

Secondary Material: E. Channing, I'nited .States. IV. ch. 17-20. Bab- 
cock, Rise of American Xatiojiality. ch. 4-8, 9. 11. E. C. Semple. Amer- 
ican History and its geographic conditions, ch. 8. Schouler, United 
States. II, ch. 8, sec. 2, ch. 9. H. Adams, United States. VI. ch. 6-17, 
VII, VIII, IX, ch. 1-3. H. Adams. Albert Gallatin, 443-555. Hunt, 
James Madisoti, ch. 31, 32, 34. J. Armstrong. War of 1812. S. T. 
Mahan, Sea Poiver and the ll'ar of i8iJ. F. A. Updyke. Diplomacy 
of the War of 1812; Alvord, The Illinois country, ch. 20; R. D. Paine. 
The fight for a free sea. 



XIV. 

BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA. 

Opening of period of intensive national development : end of trans- 
Atlantic political impulse ; provincialism ; predominance of questions 
of internal development, social, industrial and political. 

INDUSTRIAL RE-ADJUSTMENT: 

New England: comparative decline of commerce: rise of manufactures; 
new industries tlvreatened at close of war ; protective tariff agitation ; 
decline of agriculture; shift of population. 

Middle States : Rise of manufactures and demand for protection ; impor- 
tance of the western trade; internal improvements and the constitu- 
tion. 

Southern States: King Cotton; slavery and plantation sj'stem extended; 
subordination of manufactures to agriculture; growing opposition to 
protection and federal internal imjjrovements. 

The New West: Rapid devel(M>iiient i)t frontier; economic necessities of 
a new country; internal imjirovements demanded; rise of protection- 
ism ; reaction of A\'est upon seaboard states. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of American Nationality. 
ch. 9. (Bassett. Short History: .S41-36(l) Hart, Contemporaries. Ill, 
Nos. 130-134. 137-141. 

18 



COLLATKKAL RKADIXG : 

Source Material: Xilrs Weekly Rryistcr, 1-X. Win. Cobbett, A year's 
residence in the I'liited States of .liiteriea. Chas. Dickens, American 
Notes, \Vm. Faux, Memorable days in America, in Thwaites, pMrly 
Western Travels, XI, XII. Basil Hall, Travels in Xortli America, i)i the 
Years 1S37 and 18 jS. Harriet Martineau, Society in America: Bogarl 
and Thompson. Readings in Economic History, ch. 10, sec. 1-4; ch. 11, 
sec. 1-3. 

Second.\ry Material: F. T. Turner, Rise of the X^ew West, (American 
Nation, vol. 14) ch. 1-8. McMaster, Peofyle of the United States, III. 
ch. 22. IV, ch. 30, 33, 37, 38. H. Adams, United States. IX. ch. 7-1(1 
Babcock. Rise of American Nationality, cli. 11. Bogart, Economie 
History, sec. 120, 121. 131-142. K. Coman, Industrial history of th • 
United States, 164-203. Callender, Eco)iomic History, 313-320, 597 
610. K. Stanwood, A)nerican Tariff Controversies, I, 111-157. B. A. 
Hinsdale, Old Northwest. 295-328, 368-392. M. B. Hammond, The 
Cotton Industry: Schouler, United States, II, ch. 9, sec. 2. Ill, ch. 10. 
sec. I: \'()n Hoist, Calhoun, ch. 2; C. Schurz, Henry Clay, 126-146; 
W. H. Meigs, Life of Thomas Hart Benton, ch. 3; T. C. Pease. The 
frontier state, ch. 1-4. 



XV. 
NATIONALIZING TENDENCIES. 

Growth of Federal Power through the courts : nationalizing tendencies 
under John Marshall : interpretation of tire constitution ; superiority 
of Federal law within specified held ; exercise of imi)lied i)owers : sig- 
nificant cases. 

F.laboration of political machinery: in commonwealths: in national arena: 
the rise of the nominating conventitwi : political macliinos. 

REQUIRED RE.ADIXG: K. C. Babcock, Rise of American Nationality, 
ch. 18. At least one of the following cases; Fletcher 7-. Peck, Dartmouth 
College Case, McCuUoch v. Maryland. Gibbons i'. Ogden. These cases 
are found in the collections by C. E. Boyd. Emlin McClain. J. I>. 
Thayer. They arc contained in full in the reports of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, cited, in the order given above, as follows ■ 
6 Cranch. 87; 4 irheaton. 518: 4 Wheaton. 316: 9 lUheaton. I. 

COLL.\TERAL READIXc;: I'.mlin McCIain. Constitutional Laz,'. sec. 
68. 83, 141, 144, 155, 167. A. B. Magrudor. John Marshall, ch. 10. 
Lodge, Daniel ]l'ebster. ch. 3. M. \'an Bnrcn, rolitieal Parties. Fish, 

19 



Civil Service. 79-104. Murdock, "I^'irst Xatioiuil XoiiiiiuUiiii/ Coiiz'cii- 
tion" Am. History Rcz'., II, 680. Ostrogorski, "Rise and fall of the 
nominating caucus, legislative and congressioiial," American Hist. Rev., 
V, 253-283; E. S. Corwm, .lohu Mdrshall and the conslilutioii ; Bever- 
idge. .Marshall. III. IV. 



XVI. 
POLITICAL CHAOS AND NEW ISSUES. 

Disappearance of Federalists and party disorganization : Tlie first admin- 
istration of Monroe : continuation of the Virginia dynasty ; beginning 
of era of personal politics. 

"Era of Good Feeling" : Unopposed re-election of Monroe 1820 ; fac- 
tions of Republicans, leadership of Adams, Clay Jackson, Calhoun, 
Crawford and others; "Good Feeling" a misnomer. 

The Missouri Compromise: Slavery as an issue before 1819, dying out 
of abolition agitation, prohibition of slave trade. 1807; the Colonization 
Society; question of admission of Missouri, 1818-9; sectionalism and 
balance; admission of Maine and Missouri; the Compromise. 

Florida: annexation of West Florida; East Florida and the Indians, 
Seminole War and Jackson ; Negotiations with Spain and Treaty of 
1819; Temporary adjustment of Oregon Question. 

The Monroe Doctrine: Independence of Spanish-American colonies, rec- 
ognition of independence by United States; European Revolutions and 
the reactionary league, "Holy Alliance" ; Proposed restoration of Span- 
ish rule in America ; Russia and the Northwest Coast ; England's inter- 
est in Latin-America ; Canning's proposals ; Monroe's message and the 
"Doctrine," 1823. 

REQUIRED READING: Fisli. Developineut of .American Xationalit\ 
156-174. ( Bassett. .SVior/ History, ch. 17). McDonald. Documentary 
Source Book, Nos. 71-80. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

SotiRCE M.'VTERIAL : American State Papers. Foreign Relations. U'rit- 
i)i(/s of Jefiferson, J. Q. Adams, Monroe, Madison, Henry Clay, Rufus 
King. J. Q. Odams. .Memoirs, IV-VI. A reflection of the political 
flux of the time is derived from tlie letters and other writings of those 
who were in the thick of. or who observed, the fray. Hart. Contempo- 
raries, III, ch. 31, sec. 135, 136, 143, 144. 

20 



Secondary Material: Babcock, Rise of .hiu-rican A'ationality. cli. 15-18. 
F. J. Turner, Rise of the Neiu Jl'est, ch. 9, 10, 12. Schoulcr. L'uited 
States, III, 1-293. Biographies of T. H. Benton, J. Q. Adams, Thomas 
Jefferson, John Randolph, Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun. Henry 
Clay, Daniel Webster. H. B. Fuller, Purchase of Florida, ch. 6-11. 
Stanwood, History of the I'resideiicv, ch. 9, 10. For the slavery issue 
H. Von Hoist, History of the United States. I, 324-381 : it has to he 
remembered that Von Hoist was not temperate in his treatment of 
the proponents of slavery. For the Monroe Doctrine, J. H. Latane, 
United States and Spanish America. 9-103; J. B. Moore, .lincrican 
Diplomacy, ch. 6 ; F. E. Chadwick, United States and Spai)i I. cli. 8-10; 
F. N. Thorpe, Constitutional history of the .Inierican people. 1. cli. 10; 
H. K. Bolton, Tlie Spanish borderlands. 



XVII. 
THE SECOND ADAMS. 

Election of 1824: the candidates and their followings ; Crawford and tlie 
congressional caucus: no electoral majority; Adams the choice of the 
House ; influence of Clay ; charges of corrupt bargain. 

Adams as President: unfortunate personality of Adams; choice of a 
cabinet; opposing political elements; Jackson men as leaders of mal- 
contents ; four-year campaign for election of 1828. 

Foreign affairs. Clay and Pan-Americanism ; Panama Congress ; nom- 
ination of envoys and congressional opposition ; commercial treaties ; 
Great Britain and the West India trade; slave trade issue; spoliation 
claims ; boundary disputes. 

Internal issues: internal improvements; Indian complications; Georgia 
and the Federal Government; Jackson backs Georgia; tariff; act. of 
1827 ; continued agitation ; act of 1828. 

REQUIRED Rh:ADING: Fish, Development of American A'ationality. 
174-180. (Bassctt, Short History, 377-390.) 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: Ainerican Stale Papers. Foreign Relations, \'l, 
Finance, V; Indian, II, Niles IVeekly Register, XXV-XXXV ; J. Q 
Adams, Memoirs, VI, VII. T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' Vieic. I. ch. 
17-37. H. Clay, JVorks (Colton ed.), I. ch. 14-18, IV, ch. 3-5. 
J. C. Calhoun, Correspondence (Am. Hist. Assn., Report. 1899, 

vol. II) 202-268. H. Adams, Albert Gallatin. 586-634. F. W. Taussig. 
State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff. 252-385. D. Webster. Works. 
Ill, Prii'ate Correspondence. I, 345-457. B. P. Poore, Perley's Remi- 
niscences, I, ch. 1-5. 

21 



Secondary AIatkkiai. ; Turner. Risr of the A'ra' U'rst. cli. 14-19. W. 
MacDonald. Jacksoiiiivt Democracy (A)iicricai! Xatioii, vol. 15.), ch. 
1-3. Schoulcr, L'uUcd States. II, 304-336, ch. 12. McMaster. People 
of the Ujiifed States. V. cli. 42-52 (see table of contents for various 
topics). Bassett, Life of .liidrei^< Jackson, I, ch. 17, 18. J. Quincy, 
John Qn'nicy .■lda)ns. ch. 7. G. T. Curtis, Daniel IVcbster, I, ch. 10-14. 
H. A. Garland, John Randolph, II, ch. 17, 19. D. R. Dewey, Economic 
History, sec. 78, 79. F. W. Taussig. Tariff History. 68-108. U. B. 
Phillips, Georijia and Stales Kicjhts. Am. Hist. Assn., Report. 1901, 
II, 39-73. 



XVIII. 
JACKSON AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY. 

Development of i)olitical conceptions: democratization of state constitu- 
tions; extension of i)rivilege of suffrage; equality and office holding-- 
rotation in office ; strengthening the executive. 

Andrew Jackson: services in Congress, Indian wars; War of 1812; Sem- 
inole war; the ex])onent of western democratic tendencies; defeat 
for presidency, 1824-5; election, 1828; intense individualism. 

Jackson and tlie Presidency; the counciikirs — the "kitchen cabinet"; civil 
service, inauguration of full principle of spoils system in Federal gov- 
ernment. 

IncHan Policy of Jackson : Creek and Clierokee conflicts ; defiance of 
Supreme Court (Worcester 7'. Ceorgia) ; Indian territory and removal 
of Indians. 

Public Revenues ;uul internal improvements; Jackson's veto of Maysville 
Road bill; the sur])lus revenue and its relation to taritif; Clay's dis- 
tribution sclu'me ; the deposit act, 1836. 

REQUIRFD RKADING: Fish. Development of American Nationality. 
ch. 11, 14. ( Bassett. .S7ro;7 History. 392-405.) Hart, Contemporaries. 
Ill, sec. 158. 160; MacDonald, Documentary Source Ihiok. No. 94. 

COLLATKRAL i^l-.ADING: 

Source Material: .Xdams, Memoirs, Vlll, l.\. T. H. Benton, Thirty 
Year's I'ie-a; I. ch. 38-48. C. H. Van Tyne, Letters of Daniel Web- 
ster. 141-205. Amos Kendall. Autobiography, ch. 5-14. J. C. Calhoun 
Correspondence. 27\-Z7^. 290-294, 793-816. J. A. Hamilton. Reminis- 
cences, ch. 4-iS. II. Clay, Works ( Colton ed.). \\. ch. 7-11. B. 1'. 
Poore, I'erley's Reminiscoices. ch. (), 7, 10-13. 

0? 



Secondary Material: Bassett. Life of .liidrczc Jackson. I, ch. 5. II, ch. 
19-22, 24, 25, 30, 32. MacDonald, Jacksoniau Democracy, 2-4, 12, 14. 
18. Schouler, United States. Ill, ch. 13, sec. 1. Stanwood, History 
of the Presidency, ch. 12. McMa.ster. People of the United States. 
V, 513-536, VI, ch. 52. Turner, Rise of the Nezv West, ch. 18. 19. Von 
Hoist, /. C. Calhoun, ch. 4.5. T. Roosevelt, Thomas PI. Boifon. ch. 
4, 5, C. Schurz, Henry Clay. ch. 12, 13. Fish, Ciz'il Serz'ice and the 
Patronage, ch. 4, 5, 8. W. E. Dodd, Expansion and Conflict; ch. 1-3. 
Von Hoist, United States, II, 11-31, Biographies of Webster, Adams, 
Lewis Cass, Van Buren, et al ; Pease, The Frontier State, ch. 6-9; 
F. A. Ogg, The Reign of Andrew Jackson. 



XIX. 
JACKSON AND THE UNITED STATES BANK. 

The Second United Sates Bank (1816-1836): Biddle and the Bank: 
relation to United States Government; relation to financial organiza- 
tion of the country. 

Jackson's attack on the Bank : inherent opposition to the Bank ; the 
attack in the annual messages : the controversy before Congress- 
petition for recharter ; recharter bill, July, 1832, vetoed by Jackson ; 
recharter of bank main issue in election of 1832 ; re-election of Jacksoiv 

Removal of the deposits: Jackson determines to place United Statv's 
funds in State Banks ; changes in Treasury ; order for removal 
by Secretary Taney; controversy witli the Senate; the censure anl 
the expunging resolutions. 

Bank situation after the veto: expiration of charter of U. S. Bank; 1836, 
chartered by Pennsylvania ; tiic "pet banks" ; distribution of the sur- 
plus ; specie circular. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of American Nationality 
ch. 13. (Bassett, Short History, AW-AZb.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book, 71, 81-84, 88-92, 94. 95. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material : House Reports. 22 Cong. 1 sess.. No. 460. House 
Exec. Documents, 23 Cong. 1 sess.. No. 523. Senate Documents, 
23 Cong. 1 sess. Nilcs Weekly Register. XXXV-XLIV. Adams. 
Memoirs, VIII, IX. T. H. Benton. Thirty Years' Vici^'. I, ch. 
40, 41, 66-68, 92-101. H. Clay. Works (Coiton ed.), IV, ch. 7-10. 
VI, 94-105, 145-203, 264-278. D. Webster, Works, (Everett ed.). III. 
391-447. J. A. Hamilton, Reminiscences, ch. 6-8. iM. Van Buren, 
Political Parties, 311-362. 

23 



Si-xoNHAKN Matkriai. : MacDonald. Jacksi'iiiaii Democracy, ch. 7. 11, 13. 
Bassett. Life of Audrciv Jack\wu, II. ch. 27-29. R. C. H. Catteral!. 
Second Bank of the United States, ch. 4-19. Holdsworth and Dewey. 
First and Second Banks, 248-265, 296-307. Schouler, United States, 
1\'. ch. 13. sec. 3, ch. 14. sec. 1. W. M. Meigs. Thomas Hart Benton, 
183-224. 271-275, Samuel Tyler. Riu/er B. Taney. 1. ch. 3. R. G. Wel- 
lington, Political and Sectional Inflnenee of the Public Lands. 1828- 
1842. Stanwood, History of the Fresideuey. ch. 13. Dewey, Financial 
History, sec. 86-90. See also references under X\'II1. 



XX. 
NULLIFICATION. 

The tariff of 1824: protests of South Carolina — nullification theory 
stated: tariff of 1828; Calhoun's "Exposition'": tariff' act called uncon- 
stitutional by Georgia and South Carolina. 

Development of nullification : Webster-Hayne debate. 1830 ; tlie two tlie- 
ories advanced — historically correct theory of Hayne : growing na- 
tionalit}- expressed by Webster — tendenc\- expressed in opinion of 
Supreme Court under Marshall — ^limitation of State competence — 
extension of implied powers : Jackson pronounces against Xullifica- 
tion. 1831 ; break witli Calhoun. 

Tariff of 1832. 

South Carolina convention and Ordinance of Xullification : proclama- 
tion of the President; military preparations in South Carolina; pas- 
sage of force l)ill ant! comjiromise tariff'. March. 1833; repeal of 
South Carolina Ordinance. 

RKQUIRED RK.\D1XG: Fish. Development of .Imeriean Xationality. 
ch. 13. (Bassett. Short History, 396. 403. 407-410.) MacDonald. 
Documentary Source Booh, No. 85-87. 

COELATKR AL READIXG : 

SouKrK .\l ATKRiAi.: h'cc/ister of Debates. IX. pt. 2. App. Benton Abridy- 
ments. Xi. XII. Soiate Pocunicjits. 22 Cong. 2 sess., I. MacDonald. 
Select Docunuiils, Xo. 44. 45, 47-49, 53, 55. 56. Adams, Memoirs. 
\TII. J. C. Calhoun. IVorks, II. \'l. Correspondence, 219-223. 269- 
328. Webster. IVorks (Everett ed.). III. 248-355. 448-505. Fri-c'ate 
Correspondence, I. 483-535. H. Clay. Il'orks (Colton ed.). 1\'. ch. 
8, 9. V. 640-680, VI. 5-140. 

24 



Secoxdary Material: AlacDonald, Jncksoiiicui Democracy, ch. 5, 6, 9. 
G. S. Callender, Economic History, ch. 10. Johnston and VVoodburn, 
American Political History, I, ch. 19. Von Hoist. United States, I, ch. 
12, John C, Calhoun, ch. 4. Hunt, John C. Calhoun, 60-197. Schouler, 
United States, IV, ch. 13. sec. 3. McMaster, People of the United 
States, VI. ch. 54. 58. McMaster, Daniel PVebster, 151-225. 
T. D. Jervey, Robert V. Hayne, 32-45. 93-98, 230-377. Bassett, Life 
of Andrezi.' Jackson, H, ch. 26. Stanwood, Tariff Controz'ersies, 1. 9, 
10. Dewey, Financial History, ch. 8. Taussig. Tariff History. 68-112. 
J. L. Bishop, .Interican Manufacturers, II, 298-381. 



XXI. 
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY UNDER VAN BUREN. 

Coalescence of political parties. Jackson men — Democrats ; anti-Jackson 
Democrats, National Republicans, Whigs. 

Van Buren as Jackson's political heir: member of Jackson's first cabinet, 
minister to England, vice-president, president. 1837-41. 

Internal questions of Van Buren's administration : panic of 1837, "deposit" 
act suspended; second panic, 1839; period of -economic depression; 
Independent Treasury established. 1840. act repealed, 1841 ; re-estab- 
lished, 1846; slavery controversy; rise of abolition movement after 
1830; Congress and abolition petitions, the Gag Rule. Gag Resol- 
tions, repeal of rule, 1844. 

Foreign questions of Jacksonian era: Maine boundary. Aroostook War, 
1838-9; Oregon; Texas; French Spoliation claims; United States and 
the Canadian revolution. Caroline affair. McLcod aft'air. 

kKQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of American Nationality, 
ch. 15. (Bassett, Short History, 432-435.) MacDonald, Jacksonian 
Democracy, ch. 17. Hart, Slavery and Abolition (.-Imencini Xatioii. 
vol. 16). ch. 18, 20. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Materiat. : J. Q. Adams. .Memoirs. IX, X. .\I. \an Burcn. 
Political Parties, ch. 9. J. C. Calhoun, Correspojidence, 371-462. Hor- 
ace Greely, Recollections, ch. 16. T. H. Benton, Thirty ]'ear.s-' Uietv 
II, ch. 1-59. B. P. Poore. Perley's Roniniscences. I, ch. 14-16. 

ShcoxnARV Material: Stanwood, History of the Presidency, ch. 14. 
E. M. Shcpard, Martin Can lUtren, ch. 8-10. McMaster. People of 
the Untied Stales. \'l, c'n. 04-66, 68. Schouler. United States, IV, 

25 



ch. 15. Von Hoist, United States, II, 146-177, 194-217. K. Coman, 
hidustrial History, 227-231. G. S. Calleiider, Economic History, ch. 
11. ■ D. R. Dewey, Financial History, sec. 96-101, 104. Dewey, Statt? 
Hanking Before the Civil IVar. G. Myers, History of Tammany 
Hall, ch. 12-14. Financial Revulsions of 1837 o'd iSSy. Bankers' Mag- 
azine, XII, 390. F. Byrdsall, Loco-Foco Party; D. R. Fox, Decline 
of Aristrocracy in N ezv York Politics (Columbia University studies) ; 
Pease, The Frontier State, ch. 10-12. 



XXII. 
TRIUMPH AND DISCOMFITURE OF THE WHIGS. 

National Republicans become Whigs : little political coherence ; influence 
of personal leadership (e. g.., Clay, Webster) ; Harrison and Tyler 
elected, 1840, by campaign of popular electioneering; split of the 
Whigs, Harrison and the patronage ; death of Harrison. 

Tyler's break with the WJiigs : Whig policies outlined by Clay ; promi- 
nence of current issues ; Tyler's veto of the Bank Bill, open break with 
Whigs : check to Whig program ; tariff of 1833 modified, infiuence 
of protectionist Democrats of North. 

Foreign Relations: Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Webster sole survivor 
of Harrison's cabinet)' boundary settlements, slave trade; unpopular- 
ity of treaty injures Whigs in Northeast and in South; Texas; dis- 
comfiture of Whigs ; failure of program ; loss of House by election 
of 1842; defeat in presidential campaign of 1844. 

RKQUIRKD READING: Fisii, Development of American Nationality, 
ch. 16. (Bassett, Short History. 435-444.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book. Mo. 96. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source M.aterial: D. Mallary, Henry Clay. II, 384-436. 482-562. H. Clay, 
Works (Colton ed.), IV, ch. 9, VI, 406-561. D. Webster, Works 
(Everett ed.), II, cli. 28, 29, 32, VI, 247-269. J. C. Calhoun, ll'orhs. 
Ill, IV, Correspondence, 448-514, 816-829, 844. T. H. Benton, Thirty 
)'eaPs J'ie-u: II, ch. 58-134. Adams, Memoirs. X, XI. Levi Wood- 
bury, Writings. I. 212-353. C. Coleman, .lohn J. Crittenden, I, ch. 12- 
17. B. P. Poorc, Perley's Reminiscences, I, ch. 17-23. 

Skcondary Mat!;i<ial: G. P. (jarrison, Westiaird IL.vtension {.hnericaii 
Nation, vol. 17) ch. 3, 4, 12. McMastcr, People of the ignited States, 
VI, ch. 69, 70, VIT, cli. 71, 72. Schouler, United States. IV, ch. 16. 17. 
Von Hoist, United States. II, ch. 5, 6. Stanwood. History of the 

26 



Presidency, cli. 15, 16. Dewey, Financial History, sec. 102. 103. L. G. 
Tyler, Letters ami Times of the Tylers, 1, ch. 20, II, ch. 1-6, III, 84- 
114. Biographies of Adams, Benton, Clay, Buchanan, Webster, Cal- 
houn. J. S. Reeves, .-American Diplo))iacy under Tyler and Polk, ch. 
1, 2, A. Gallatin, Northeastern Boundary. A. C. Cole, The Whig 
Party in the South: Pease. The Frontier State, ch. 13-14. 



XXIII. 
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1830-60. 

Development of nternal communication: canals supplanted l>y railroads: 
state and federal aid to railroads ; land grants. 

Westward expansion ; railroads as cause and result of westward movement 
ment ; rise of agricultural Northwest: significance of western food- 
stuffs, for United States and for Europe ; stimulation of commerce 
and merchant marine : new states and territories. 

Immigration: the Irish migration and eastern industrial centers; the 
Germans : anti-foreign activities : unequal distribution of immigrants, 
few in South. 

Expansionist zeal : Texas, .\nK-ricans and the establishment of the Ko- 
public of Texas : Oregon : agitation for settlement of title : Salt Lake ; 
California. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish Developineni of .Imerican Xalionality, 
ch. 17. (Bassett, Short History. 461-483, fassi)n.) Hart. Co)i tempo- 
raries. IV, ch. 4. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material : Census Reports, issued biennially, contain statistical 
information relative to population, industry, etc. Numerous observers 
have left records in form of travels, etc. : among the most impor- 
tant arc: F. L. Olmstead, Journey in the .Seaboard Slave States, 
Journey Through Texas. Journey Through the Back Country; 
J. F. W. Johnston, Xotes on Xorth .Imerica: M. Chevalier, Society. 
Manners and Polities in the Cnited Slates: H S. Tanner, Description 
of the Canals and KaUroads of the Cnited Stales: H. Martincau, 
Society in . I m erica. 

SK((iNi).\k^- Matkriai. : MacMastor, Cnited States. \' . ch. 44, \'l, 86-9.'^, 
\'il. 99-1.^. Turner, h'ise of the Ne-,' West. ch. 2-8. K. Coman, 
Industrial History, 207-268. K. C. Semple, American History and its 
Geographic Conditions. 246-273, 337-390. Bogart, Economic History. 

27 



sec. 143-154, 173-190, 202-211. H. R. Johnson, American Raihi'ay Traiis- 
portation. 13-49, 308-353, passim. A. B. Hulbert, Great American 
Canals. For detailed list of references on this topic see Channing, 
Hart and Turner, Guide, sec. 201 ; Turner, References on History of 
the I4'''est, XX-XXV ; Turner, West in American History; A. B. Hul- 
burt, Paths of Inland Commerce. W.E. Dodd, The Cotton Kingdom: 
Emerson Hough. The Passing of tlie Frontier; Issac Lippincott. 
Economic developmenl of the I'liited States, ch. 7-11. 



XXIV. 
PERIOD OF SOCIAL UPHEAVAL. 

Intellectual and moral awakening; new generation of writers and think- 
ers ; new type of newspapers ; multiplication of periodicals and books : 
intellectual renaissance in New England ; educational problems : pop- 
ular educational methods — the lecture ; humanitarian movements. 

Reappearance of slavery as social problem : Lundy, Garrison and the 
abolitionist movement ; growing dififerentiation of sections ; South 
on defensive; opposition to Abolitionists in North; indifference of 
Northwest to question of slavery ; slavery contests in Congress ; Gag 
Rule ; tendency of slavery to tinge all national issues. 

Democratic movements of the North : anti-rent riots of New York ; Dorr 
rebellion in Rhode Island. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of American Xatioiialily. 
cli. 18. ( Bassett, Short Hist(^ry. ch. 22, passim.) MacDonald. DucU' 
mentary .Source Book, No. 93. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: Travels, such as those of F. Bremer, J. S. Buck- 
ingham, M. Chevalier. Charles Dickens, F. A. Kemblc. H. Martincan. 
Mrs. Trollope. Contemporary periodicals and newspapers. Caliioun, 
Correspondence. Garrison, Life of IV >n. Lloyd Garrisim. J. R. Com- 
mons, Documentary History of American Industrial Society. Books 
by N. P. Willis, G. W. Curtis, C. A. Bristed. 

Secondary Material: Hart. Slavery and Abolition, cii. 1, 2; .Valional 
Ideals, ch. 3, 10-12. J. F. Rhodes. History of the Cniled Stales. I, .38- 
75, ch. 4. III. 59-113. Von Hoist. United States. II, 80-120. T. C. 
Smith, Parties and Shwery, 1-109. Pease. The Frontier State, ch. 22; 
J. Macy, The .Inti-sUrrery Cru.wde. R. G. Boone. Jidncation in the 
United States, pt. 3. B. A. Hinsdale. Horace Maim. B. Wendell. 

28 



Literary History of .liihrica, l)k. 3-5. H. T. Tuckerman, America 
and Her Co)iiiiieiitators. K. P. Cheney. .Inti-reiit Agitation in Xeiv 
York. A. M. Mowry, The Dorr War. For extended list of refer- 
ences, see Chanuing. Hart and Turner, (inide, sec. 200. 



XXV. 
ACQUISITION OF TEXAS AND OREGON. 

Oregon territory: conventions of 1818 and 1827, joint occupation; claims 
to Oregon, British and American — Lewis and Clark explorations ; 
Astoria; Gray's discoveries ; extinction of Spanish and Russian claims; 
settlements in Oregon; the Hudson's Baj- Company; American mis- 
sionary settlements ; Oregon in Congress ; activities of Floyd ; period 
of quiescence; Linn and Oregon, the Linn bill; attempts at diplomati'- 
settlement; interest of Northwest in securing title; growth of demanrl 
for all Oregon — 54° 40'. 

Texas: relation to Louisiana Purchase; surrender of American claim- 
in treaty 1819; attempts to purchase Texas, 1825-29; American settle- 
ment of Tex^s ; revolution and independence from Mexico; United 
States rejects Texas's request for annexation; independence of Texas 
recognized, 18,i7 ; growth of annexation agitation, fear of Britisli 
intervention; negotiations for annexation, 1843-4; treaty of annexation 
signed (April, 1844) and rejected (June, 1844). 

Texas and Oregon in election of 1844 : Clay and Van Buren pronounce 
against immediate annexation ; Clay nominated by Whigs ; Polk nom- 
inated by Democrats on expansionist platform; election of Polk; 
joint resolution for annexation, March, 1845; proposition accepted by 
Texas, December, 1845 ; annexation completed, 1846 ; Oregon neg"0t!a- 
tions ; Pakenham mission; arbitration rejected, 1845; Oregon debate 
in Congress, 1845-6; notice for termination of joint occupation; treat\ 
dividing Oregon, June, 1846. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish Dezrlopnient of American Nationality, 
ch. 16, pp. 302-311. MacDonald, Documentary Source Book, No. 93, 
97, 99. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material : The Oregon and Texas cpiestions together occupied 
a large part of Congress' time from 1836 to 1846, consequently the 
Congressional Clobe contains much material in these years. Senate 
Exec. Documentary, 35 Cong. 1 sess.. No. 29. House E.x-ec. Documents, 
42 Cong. 3 sess., V. J. K. Polk, Diary, ed. Quaife. J. Buchanan. 
Works. VI. Writings of Calhoun, Welister, Woodbury, Benton, 
Poore, etc. 

29 



Secondakv Matkkial: Garrison, li'rstzvard lixtmsioit. ch. 1, 2, 5-11. 
Garrison, Texas, ch. 19. 21. Von Hoist, United States, II, ch. 5, 6. 
L. G. Tyler. Letters and Times of the Tylers, II, 250-364, III, 115-162. 
Stanwood, History of the Presidency, ch. 16. Sclvouler, United States, 
IV, ch. 16, 17. McMaster, People of the United States, VII, ch. 71, 72. 
77. Rhodes, United States. I. 75-87. H. H. Bancroft. North- 
7i.'est Coast. II, ch. 15-17; Oregon.. I, ch. 14. R. Greenhow. 
Oregon and California. T. I. Marshall, Acquisition of Oregon, I. 
L. B. Shippec, Federal Relations of Oregon, Quarterly of Oregon 
Hist. Soc.. XX, 35-9.3. J. S. Reeves, American Diplomacy under 
Tyler and Polk. G. L. Rives, United States and Mexico, 1821-1848. 
J. H. Smith, Annexation of Texas. E. D. Adams, British Interests 
i)i Te.vas; N. W. Stephenson, Texas and the Mexican IVar. 



XXVI. 
THE MEXICAN WAR, 1846-48. 

Causes : American grievances ; unsettled claims of American citizens : 
Mexican grievances ; violation of Mexican territory ; assistance to 
and annexation of Texas ; Texas boundary. 

Polk's plans: acquisition of California; Slidell mission to settle issues 
and purchase territory, September-December, 1845 ; Taylor ordered to 
disputed territory, January, 1846, to force issue; Slidell leaves Mexico 
March, 1846 ; Taylor's force attached, April ; war message and declara- 
tion of war, Ma^^ 1846. 

Operations of the war: seizure of New Mexico and California; Taylor's 
campaign in nortliern Mexico; invasion of Central Mexico by Scott; 
capture of Mexico City, August, 1847. 

Peace negotiations and treaty: "Two Million Bill", 1846; Trist mission. 
1847-8; treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo. 2 Feb. 1848. 

Gadsden Purchase, 1853. 

REQUIRED REARING: Fish Development of American Nationality. 
310-315. (Bassett. Short History. 446-450.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book. No. 98. 101. 108. 

COLLATERAL RPIADIXG : 

Source Material: J. K. I'olk. Diary. Xiles Weekly Register. J. Buc- 
lianan. Works. VI. VIl, VIII (see table contents). J. C. Calhoun, 
Works. IV; Correspondence. 671-757, 960. 1067-1069, 1083-1085. T. H. 
Benton, Thirty i'ears' / '/iw. II. cli. 149, l6l. j. Q. .\dams, .\fenioirs. 

30 



XII. Z. Taylor. Letters from the Battlefields. C. Coleman, John J. 
Crittenden. 1. ch. 19-22. K. L. Pierce. Sumner, III. ch. iZ. G. G. 
Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon }Jeade. 1, 19-198. 

.SK(■ONDAR^■ Matkkial : Garrison, Wesluxird Extension, ch. 13-15. Von 
Hoist. L'niled States. Ill, ch. .M2. Schouler, United States, IV, 518- 
550, V, ch. 18, sec. 2, 3. McMaster, People of the United States, VII, 
423-472, 506-525. W. Jay, Mexican Jl'ar. R. S. Ripley, IVar With 
Mexico. O. O. Howard, General Taylor, ch. 6-20. J. S. Reeves, Amer- 
ican Diplomacy Under Tyler and Polk. ch. 3. 13. J. Smith, Annex- 
ation of Texas; Mexican War. \V. S. Rohertsnn, Rise of the Spanish- 
.Imerican Republics. E. Upton, Military Policy of the United States 
Ihirinci the }h\rica)i JJ'ar. ITutse Pocument, 63 Cong. 2 sess.. No. 972. 



XXVII. 
THE WAR, SLAVERY AND POLITICS. 

I'^conumic questions: \V,a]kcr tariff of 1846; opposition among Democrats: 
warehouse act ; internal improvements. 

Slavery and the war: Wilmot proviso and the "Two Alillion Bill," 1846; 
"Three Million Bill," 1847; Wilmot proviso before States; split in 
parties ; Cotton Whigs and Conscience Whigs ; Wilmot and anti- 
Wilmot Democrats; Whigs control House, 1847-9 ; Abolitionist activity. 

Slavery and territorial organization : Oregon organization occasion of 
discussion; attempt to extend Missouri Compromise line to Pacific; 
attempt to add New Mexico and California bills to Oregon bill ; Ore- 
gon organized as free territory, 1848; various tlieories of territorial 
control by Congress. 

The split in the election of 1848: issue dodged by Whigs and Democrats; 
New York Democrats split — Hunkers and Barnburners ; Barnburners 
and moderate Abolitionists join on Wilmot Proviso and Van Buren ; 
election of Whig President and Democratic House plurality. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of .Imerican Nationality 
315-321. Garr\son,W estivard Extension, ch. 16, 17, 19. Hart, Con- 
temporaries, IV, sec. 15-18. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

SouRCK Material : T. B. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, XVI, con- 
tains the territorial discussion in Congress. J. K. Polk, Diary, II-IV. 
1). C. Calhoun, Works. IV, 303-541, Correspondence, 709-763, 10.%- 
1197. Diary and Correspondence of Salmon P. Chase. Am. Hist. 
Assn., Report, 1902, II, 116-188, 467-475. E. L. Pierce, Charles Sum- 
ner, III. ch. ?,^. C. Coleman, .fohn .1 . Crittenden. I, ch. 21, 24-28. J. R. 
Lowell, Biijelow Papers. 

31 



.S"fc;coxDAF<v Material: Scliouler, i'liitrd Stotrs. X, ch. 18, sec. 3. Von 
Hoist, United States, III, ch. 11-14. C. E. Persinger, The" Bargain 
of i844" as the Origin of the IVilmot Proviso. Am. Hist. Assn. Report. 
1911, I, 187-195. McMaster, United States,, VII, ch. 81, 83, 85. Stan- 
wood, History of the Presidency, ch. 18. J. Macy, Political Parties, 
ch. 8. T. C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, ch. 7. L. B. Shippec, 
Federal Relations of Oregon, Quarterly of Oregon Hist. Soc, June. 
1919. T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, ch. 14. .\. B. Hart, Salmon 
P. Chase. 94-112; W. M. Meigs, Life of Thomas Hart Benton. 



XXVIII. 

COMPROMISE OF 1850. 

The deadlock: Congress fails to act in 1848-9; California organizes for 
self — discovery of gold, 1848; the "Forty-niners"; anti-slavery consti- 
tution and provisional organization, December, 1849. 

Territories, slavery and Congress, 1849-59 : speakersliip contest ; balance 
of power held by Freesoilers ; Clay and his compromise measures ; 
statesmen of old school (Clay, Calhoun, Webster) and new school 
(Seward, Clvase) on the crisis ; the Omnibus Bill; opposed by Taylor; 
Nashville convention ; death of Taylor ; Fillmore aids compromise to 
pass. 

The Compromise Bills: admission of California; Te.xas relinciuishes ter- 
ritorial claim in New Mexico ; organization of Utah and New Mexico ; 
new fugitive slave law ; slave trade suppressed in D. C. 

Fugitive slaves: status in state and territory, in foreign lands; act of 
1793; negotiations of 1826; act of 1850; constitutionality; personal 
liberty laws in states ; underground railroad ; fugitive slave cases. 

(jcneral acquiescence in compromise by country ; all but fugitive slave 
law thought final ; Congress pronounces compromise final. 

Campaign of 1852: both parties aftirm principle of compromise measures; 
Democrats set prominent candidates aside for Pierce ; Whigs run 
another military hero, General Scott; campaign of personalities; elec- 
tion of Pierce. 

REQUIRl-:!) RP:.\D]XG: Fish, Deirln/ymen/ of .Imeriean Xationalily. 
320-331. (Bassett, Short Hislory. 454-58, 48;)-4.S2. 485-487.) MacDon- 
aid, Documentarv Sourer T>t>ok. Xn. 102-107. 



collatp:ral reading : 

Source Material: Debates on compromise measures in Congressional 
Globe, 3 Cong. 1 sess., and Benton, Abridgmoit, XVI. Benton. Thirty 
Years' Vieiv, II, ch. 184-197. Calhoun, Works, IV, 542-577. Corre- 
spondence, 76A-7%7, 1197-1212. Diary and Correspondence of Salmon 
I'. Chase, 188-220. H. Clay. IVorks, VI, 601-634. Webster, irorks 
(Everett ed.), V, 302-438. C. Sumner, Speeches, III. 

Secondary Material : Garrison, IVesttvard Extension, ch. 20, T. C. 
Smith, Parties and Slaz'cry {American Nation, vol. 18), cli. 1-3. 
Rhodes, United States. I, ch. 2, 3. A. Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas. 
176-198. Schouler, United States, V, ch. 19. 20, sec. 1. Von Hoist 
United States, III, ch. 15, 16. G. T. Curtis. Daniel Webster, II, ch. 
36, 38. C. Schurz, Henry Clay, II, ch. 16. H. H. Bancroft, California. 
VI, ch. 12, 13. W. H. Siebert, Underground Railroad. W. M. Cock- 
rum, History of the Underground Railroad. Stanwood, History of 
the Presidency, ch. 19. 



XXIX. 
EXPANSION, SLAVERY AND INTERNATIONAL RE- 
LATIONS. 

Isthmian and Central American diplomacy: Isthmian transit; New Gra- 
nada treaty, 1846-8 ; Tehuantepec scheme ; conflict of British and 
American interests ; Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 1850 ; continued uneasi- 
ness in English- American-Central American relations ; Prometheus 
aflfair ; Greytown and the Cyane; Kansas situation checks aggressive 
attitude of United States ; boundary settlements, 1857-60. 

Latin-Americans and the Filibusters : Southern desire for Cuba ; revolu- 
tionary disorders in island ; Spain resents suggestion of purchase ; 
Lopez expeditions, 1849, 1851 ; strained relations with Spain ; European 
attempt to settle disturbances: Black Warrior: Ostcnd manifesto. 

Hungarian patriots and United States. 

Oriental relations: Cushing and the China treaty, 1845: Reed's treaty. 
1858; Perry and Japan, 1853; question of annexation of Hawaii, 
1853-4. 

REQUIRED Ri-:ADIX(;: Fish Development of American Xationality. 
.331-335. MacDonald, Select Documents. Xo. 77, 84, 89. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Soi'RCK Material: Dii)Iomatic correspondence is to be found amon'; 
papers accompanying the Presidents' messages to Congress each year 
and is printed among Senate Documents, 31 Cong, to 36 Cong. Polk. 
Dinry. Millard Pilhnore Papers, Buffalo Hist, Soc, Publications. 
\, XI. Burhanan, Writings. 

33 



Skcondarv Matkrial: Garrison, U'cslzoard Extension . ch : 18. Smith, Par- 
ties and Slaz'ery, ch. 6. McMaster. People of the United States. VII, 
ch. 84. Schouler, United States, II, (see table of contents). Rhodes, 
United States. I, II, (see table of contents). Von Hoist, United States. 
IV, ch. 2, V, ch. 1. 10. VI. 151-165, 330-348. J. W. Foster, Century of 
.Inierieait Diploinaey, 324-356, 454-460; Anieriean Diplomacy in the 
Orient, eh. 2-7. M. W. Williams. Auglo-Aineriean Isthmian Diplomacy. 
J. H. Latane, United States and Spanish America. 103-136, 176-1Q8. 
Lives of Buchanan, Webster. Seward, Douglas. Judah P. Benjamin ; 
J. D. Latane, "Diplomacy of the United States in regard to Cuba," 
American Historical Association Report. 1897, 219-252. 



XXX. 
KANSAS-NEBRASKA. 

Territorial situation, 1853 ; status of slavery fixed by law as result of 
various compromises; Nebraska bill of 1853 blocked by Senate; 
Western desire for opening lands and extinguishing Indian title. 

Douglas' Nebraska bill of 1853-4: incorporation of "popular sovereignty" 
advocated by Northwest ; slavery discussion reopened with added bit- 
terness in Congress ; protests from the North ; passage of bill by 
largely sectional vote ; influence of administration. 

Disruption of old parties as result of Kansas bill : formation of new 
Republican party (1854). Freesoilers, anti-slavery Whigs and Demo- 
crats, remnants of minor parties. 

Struggle for Kansas : free and slave states determine to settle and so 
hold ; Emigrant Aid Societies ; "Border Ruffians ;" "Bleeding Kan- 
sas" ; Free and Slave governments ; Lecompton Constitution and Con- 
gress ; Kansas rejects statehood and Lecompton Constitution. 

RI-:QUIRED READING. Fish Development of American Nationality, 
335-348. (Bassett, Short History. 485-497.) MacDonald. Document- 
ary Source Book, No. 109-112, 114. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

SoiTRtE Material: Con(/ressional Globe. 33 Cong., 1 sess., 2 sess.. 34 

Cong.. 35 Cong, (see index, "Kansas") House Reports. 33 Cong. 

1 sess.. No. 80; 34 Cong. 1 sess., II, No. 200. Senate Reports. 34 and 

35 Cong., "Kansas." J. S. Pike, First Blozvs of the Civil War, 188- 

190, 201-238. Diary and Correspondence of Chase. 254-263. A. H. 

Stephens. War Between the States. I, 625-636, 1!. 241-257, colloquy 17. 

(Harrisons, Harrison, III, ch. 14. F. W^ P>lackinar, Charles Robinson. 

Chas. Robinson, The Kansas Conflict. L. W. Spring, Kansas. F. B. 

Sanborn, .lohn Ih-own. cli. 7-11. 

34 



Secondary Matkkiai. : Smith, Parties and Slaz'cry. 8-12, W. E. Dodd, 
Expansion and Conflict, ch. 12. J. F. Rhodes. United States, I, ch. 5, 
II, cli. 7, 8. McMaster. People of the United States, VIII, ch. 90, 91 
93. Schouler, United States, X, ch. 21. P. O. Ray, Repeal of the 
Missouri Compromise. O. G. Villard. John Brozvn, a Biography. 
Biographies oi Douglas, Chase. Hale, Seward, Sumner ; .\. C. Cole. 
The era of the eiz'il zvar, ch. 5, 6. 



XXXI. 
SLAVERY IN POLITICS. 1852-1858. 

Slavery and parties: breaking up of Whigs after 1850-2; Native Ameri- 
canism ; Know-Nothings — anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, split on slavery 
issue, 1855, gradual disintegration, 1856-60; Republican party; various 
elements with predominance of old Whigs ; organization, 1854 ; state 
victories, 1855 ; control of House. 

Election of 1856 : divided Know-Nothings and Fillmore ; sectional Re- 
publicans and Fremont ; Buchanan supported by Democrats and many 
conservative Whigs ; election of Buchanan. 

Dred Scott decision: 1857; application of state law; disallowance of 
Missouri compromise; limitation of territorial legislation. 

REQUIRED READING: Fislv. Development of American Nationality. 
342-346. (Bassett. Short tlistory, 493-499.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book, No. 113. 

COLLATERAL RI-:ADING: 

SouRCK Material: .\. IJncoln, ll'orL-s (Federal ed.), 11, 176-186, VII, 
381-387; (Biog. cd.). II, 187-312. J. Buchanan, ll'orks.. VIII. 426- 
500, X, 8-100. Diary and Correspondence of Salmon P. Chase, 220-252, 
264. F. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, III, ch. 39. 40. J. S. Pike. First 
Bloivs of the Civil War. B. P. Poore, Perley's Reminiscences. I, cl. 
36-44. W. H. Seward, IVorks, IV. 223-288. C. H. Van Tyne, Letters 
of Daniel Webster, 475-542. The full text of the Scott case is found 
in 19 Hozmrd, 399. and 2 Miller, 1, 

SEtoxD.\RY M.\TKRiAi. : Staiiwood, Ilisliiry of the I'lesidency. ch. 20. 
T. C. Smith, Parties and SUn'cry. ch. 2-4, 8, 10, 12, 13; Liberty and 
Uree Soil Parlies, ch. 14-19. II. Greeley, .-hnerican Conflict, 1, ch. 
17-21. Nicolay and Hay, .Ibraham Lincoln. 1, ch. 18-21. Schouler. 
United States, VI. ch. 21. sec. 2. ch. 22, sec. 1. Curtis, Buchanan, If, 
ch. 6. 8-11. H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of Shnr Pozver, II, ch. 31, 32, 35, 
3S. J. I',. McMaster. With the Fathers, 87-106. A. D. Morse, Repub- 
lican I'arly. Pol. Science Ouar.. \'ll, 522. H. J. Desmond, Knozv- 
A'othiiif/ Parly. F. Curtis, Repnblicaii Party, I, ch. 6-9. K. S. Corwin. 
Dred Scolt Pecision. .Im. Ilisl. I\ez'ie-a\ X\"1I. 52; Cole. The era of 
the Ciz'il War. ch. 6. Uluides. (';///,■(/ .V/<//,-.s-. 1, ch. 7-9. 

35 



XXXII. 

"THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT." 

Lincoln-Douglas debates : senatorial contest in Illinois center of political 
interest, 1858; Douglas and his "Freeport Doctrine;" Mormon war; 
"Irrepressible Conflict" in Congress ; no specific slavery issue after 
Lecompton legislation ; territorial situation ; question of federal rela- 
tion to slavery in general; growing sectionalism visible. 1858-9; break- 
ing out of issue in 36th Congress — Brown raid ; Helper's "Impending 
Crisis." 

Election of 1860 : split of Democratic party — Douglas wing and Breckin- 
ridge wing; Constitutional Union party — Whigs, Americans, conserv- 
atives North and South, strength in border states; Republican party 
confined to North ; election of Lincoln. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of Amenean Xationality, 
346-358. (Bassett, Short History, 499-509.) Hart, Conteuiporaries, 
IV, sec. 44-46. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: E. E. Sparks, Lincoln-Douglas Debates. A. Lincoln, 
Works (Biog. ed.). II, 357-366, III-V, VI, 1-67, XI, 105-115. W. H. 
Seward, Works. V, 289-430, 679-691. J. Buchanan, Works, X, 327-464. 
Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration, ch. 3, 12. 13. John Sher- 
man, /•Recollections, I, ch. 8. C. Coleman, Joh)i J. Criftctidcn, II, ch. 
11, 12. J. S. Pike. /•(■'-,■/ Bloics of the Civil War, 480-526. H. R. 
Helper, Impending Crisis. For Panic of 1857. Hunt's .M erchant^-' 
Magazine, vol. 2,7, 38, 40. 

Secondary Material: T. C. Smitli, Parties and Slavery, ch. 17, 18. 
F. E. Chadwick, Causes of the Cii'il War ( .hnerican Xation. vol. 19), 
ch. 6, 7. J. W. Burgess, C'/t'// Jl'ar and the Constitution. I, cli. 1. 3. 
E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, ch. 4. j. F. Rhodes, United Slates. I. ch. 
10, 11. Von Hoist, United States. VI, ch. 3. 6. 7, VII, ch. 2-6. Stan- 
wood, History of the Presidency, ch. 21. E. D. Fite, Presidential 
Election of i860. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln. H, ch. 10-16. 
J. Macy, Political Parties, ch. 18-21. F. Bancroft, W. H. Sezvard, 
I, 432-436, 454-465, ch. ii, 34. A. Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas, ch. 
16-18. W. E. Dodd, Fight for the Northivest, Am. Hist. ReviezV: 
XVI, 774. A. W. Linn, Momums. 458-516; Cole, The era of the Civil 
War. cli. 4. 7. 8. 



36 



XXXIII. 
SECESSION. 

Basis of secession: constitutional interpretation; economic divergency; 
loss of Southern political supremacy ; fear for slavery ; sectional elec- 
tion of 1860. 

Secession accomplished: movement started in South Carolina; cuuxt-n- 
tion and secession, December, 1860; secession of remainder of cotton 
states by January, 1861. Border states: divided sentiments; issue 
precipitated when force employed ; northern tier retained in Union ; 
division in Virginia and Tennessee. 

Organization of the Confederacy : provisional government, February, 
1861, Montgomery; permanent constitution framed March, 1861, in 
force February, 1862, Richmond. 

Kfforts at compromise: first period — committee of 33, influence of Lin- 
coln against ; wavering attitude of Buchanan administration ; South- 
ern influence; changes in cabinet; second period — Crittenden compro- 
mise, Vallandingham's plan, peace conference, Corwin's amendment. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Dcvclopmcnl of American Xatioiiality. 
ch. 21. (Bassett, Short History. 511-518.) MacDonald, Docioiiriifary 
Sourer Book, No. 115, 116. 

COLLATERAL READING : 

Source Material: J. Davis, Confrdrrotr Goz'rniiiiciit. 1, pt. \-3. \'.. .\. 
Pollard, Lost Cause, ch. 1. J. W. Du Bose, JVilliani )'. Wiuci'y. ch. 
8-21. Congressional Globe. 36 Cong. 2 sess. American Annual 
Cyclofycdia, 1861 (index for "Confederate States," and each seceding 
state). F. Moore, Rebellion Record. I, pt. 2, 1-28. Correspondence 
of T. R. R. Cobb, Southern Historical Soc. Papers. XIV, 359, XVT, 
319. Hart, Contemporaries. IV, ch. 10. 

Secondary Material: T. C. Smith, Parlies and Slavery, civ. 19, 20. 
F. E. Chadwick, Causes of the Civil War. eh. 1-4, 9. Greeley, Amer- 
ican Conflict, I, ch. 22, 26. Burgess, Cii'il IVar and the Constitution. 
I, ch. 4; W. E. Dodd, Expansion and conflict, ch. 14. Schouler, U)ii- 
ted States. V, 469-491. J. F. Rhodes, United States, III, 115-125, 192- 
214, 272-280. Von Hoist, United States, VII. ch. 7, 8. Nicolay and 
Hay, Abraham Lincoln. II, ch. 17-25, III, ch. 1-13. J. W. Draper, 
Civil War, I, ch. 31, 33. W. Davis, Memoir of Jefferson Davis, I, ch. 
45, II, ch. 1. E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, ch. 2-5. Biographies of such 
men as Lincoln, Seward, Chase, Sumner, Buchanan, J. Davis, Steph- 
ens, Toombs, Yancey, Cobb, Tyler. 



37 



XXXIV. 

UNITED STATES IN 1860. 

South : 

Population distribution and elements : free and slave ; planter and the 

small farmer ; marked social distinctions. 
Economic situation: predominance of agriculture; King Cotton; limited 

manufactures, dependence on North and Europe, significance in war ; 

defective transportation system. 

North : 

Population distribution : large foreign element ; deteriorating intiuence on 
political situation. 

Economic situation: moving west of agricultural frontier; growing im- 
portance of manufactures; rise of urban problems (combination of 
industrialism and immigration); general prosperity of the '50"s; 
panic of 1857; nearly normal recovery by 1860; tarififs of 1857, 1860. 

Note: There is no very good general account of the conditions, other 
than political, in the United States in the '50's. More has been writ 
ten on Southern conditions than on Northern. 

KI-:QUIRED R1-:ADING: Rhodes. r,nt,-d Stufrs. II. ch. 12. ,.r McMas- 
ter. People of the United States, VII. ch. 87. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Materi.m. : United States, Tenlli Census Cojiipeiidium. Century 
of Population Grozvlh. Sejiate Exee. Pocunients. 36 Cong. 2 sess., 
VIII. Accounts of travellers, etc., such as Olmstead, Journey Through 
the Seaboard Slave States, Journey Through the Back Country, Jour- 
ney Through Texas. Cotton Kingdom. G. M. Weston, Progress of 
Slavery. W. D. Howells, ./ Roy's Toivn. N. P. Willis, Hurry 
graphs. C. A Bristed, Upper Ten Thousand. G. F. Hoar, A Boy 
Sixty Years Ago. Jos. Jefferson, Autobiography, ch. 1-8. Hunt's 
Merchant.^' Maga.::in(\ PeHmCs Revie7<\ J. D. B. De Bow, Indus- 
trial Resources of the Southern and U'esiern States. Jas. Caird. 
Prairie Far nur. J. R. Conmions, Documentary History of .Imerican 
Industrial Society. VIII. 

SKcoxn.AKV Matkkiai. : K. Conian. Industrial History. 232-285; Rhodes 
History of ilic Cnilcd Stoles. II, cli. 12. E. D. File, Social and Indus- 
trial Conditions During the Civil Jl'ar; F. Merk,Eeonomic History of 
Wisconsin During Civil II' ar Decade, both treat of the situation at 
the opening of the war. E. Ingle. Southern Side Lights. W. E. Dodd. 
South in the Building of the Motion, IV, 159-163. 5(K)-546. V, 656-667. 
Cole, /:/-./ of the Civil War, ch. 9, 10. 

38 



XXXV. 
THE CIVIL WAR. 

Outbreak of tlic struggle : Lincoln and the question of relief of Fort 
Sumter; attack on and surrender of Sumter. April 12-13, 1861. Call 
for volunteers by Lincoln ; preparations for resistance by " Confed- 
eracy. 

Campaign in East: Union purpose — capture Richmond; Confederate pur- 
pose defensive ; Union defeat at Bull Run, July. 1861 — nature of 
struggle revealed ; McClellan and Peninsula campaign, 1862 ; Lee's 
invasion of the North, Antietam ; same general plans for 1863; inva- 
sion of Pennsylvania. Gettysburg, July, 1864, Grant in command: Wil- 
derness campaign ; campaign in Virginia, 1864-5 ; Sheridan's valley 
campaigns ; capture of Richmond, surrender of Lee, April, 1865. 

Campaign in the West: purpose — 'isolate Confederacy, hold Missouri, 
regain Tennessee; advance up Mississippi (New Orleans), down Mis- 
sissippi ; river open to Union with fall of Vicksburg, July 1863 ; pen- 
etration of heart of Confederacy ; Tennessee and Georgia campaigns, 
Chattanooga, November, 1863, Atlanta. September, 1864; Sherman's 
march to the sea, 1864-5; the march north, 1865; trans-Mississippi 
campaign. 

Xaval warfare: the blockade; March, 1862, Mcvrimac and Monitov; open- 
ing of Mississippi ; the Confederate raiders, sinking of Alabama, June, 
1864; Mobile. August \?.(A. 

Forces ok thk Cnii- War: 

Southern : state militia; volunteers under Confederate government; con- 
scription, April, 1862; extent of forces. 

Xortl'.ern : presidential call for volunteers, .^.pril 1861 ; increase in regu- 
lar army and navy ; Congress authorizes employment of volunteers, 
July, 1861 ; militia called out; failure of volunteer system seen, 1862-3; 
enrollment acts (March, 1863, February, July 1864); commutations, 
bounties; opposition to draft; draft riots. New York; extent and 
nature of forces. 

RI-:QLTRh:D KKADIXG: Fish, Dcvdopmcni of American Nationality, 
ch. 22. (Bassett, Short History. 516-525, ch. XXV, XXVI). Mac- 
Donald. Pociinu'utary Sourer Book. No. 117. 118, 120. 123. 134. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source material for the Civil War is well nigh endless. War of tlie 
-Rebellion. Official Record, and Official Records of the Union and 
C onfederate .\'ii7'ies. form a collection containing a vast mass of ill- 
arfanged material. F. Moore, Rebellion Record. Published works of 
prominent military men such as W. T. Sherman, U. S. Grant, P. H. 
Sheridan, G. B. McClellan, J. D. Cox, J. X. Schof^eld, G. G. Meado. 

39 



cf al. G. Welles, Diary. I. II. A. Lincoln. Works (Biog. eel), VI. 
265-361, VII-IX. 

Secondary Material: j. F. Rhodes, History of the Civil War, the 
best one volume account. Rhodes, United States, III-V. Schouler, 
United States, VI. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, Outcome of the C it'll 
JVar {American Nation, vol. 20, 21). Comte de Paris, Ciz'il War 
(4 vols.). G. C. Eggleston, Confederate War. For extended bibliog- 
raphies see Channing, Hart and Turner. Guide, sec 236 ; Hosmer, 
Appeal to Anns, ch. 21, and Outcome of the Civil War. ch. 18; Cam- 
bridge Modern History, VII, 811-815; J. C. Ropes. The Story of the 
Civil War: W(>od and Edmunds, The Civil War in the United States 



XXXVI. 
CIVIL WAR: FINANCES. 

Financial situation at opening of the war: inexperienced leaders (Chase. 
Fcssenden, Stevens); empty treasury; country normally prosperous. 

The Loans: variety of short and long-time loans at varying interest 
rates; tendency to borrow rather than tax; suspension of specie pay- 
ments by banks, December, 1861. 

The Legal Tenders : flat money to relieve demands of treasury, furnish 
currenc}' ; acts of 1862. 1863; inflation of currency; depreciation of 
greenbacks; rise of prices; constitutionality of greenbacks, — the Legal 
Tender Cases. 

Taxation: neglect of adequate taxation at nutset; gradual increase; tlie 
excise; income tax; adjustment of customs. 

National Bank System: Act of 1863 (amended 1864. 1865) ; provide mar- 
ket for United States bonds, stabilize banknote issue ; checking of 
State banks of issue. 

Financial readjustment after the war: funding or contraction: funding 
act of 1866; policy established by act of 1870; greenbacks and resump- 
tion; "hard" and "soft" money advocates; Resumption Act of 1875; 
Greenback patty, 1876-1884; Resumption completed, 1879. 

REQUIRED READING: Dewey, Finaneiat History, ch. 12, 13. Mac- 
Donald, Documrntiiry Source Book. Xos. 126, \^S, 163, 169, 175. 

COLLATiCRAL RICADING: 

SorRCE Matertai, : 1'.. McPlicrson, I'oHlicid History of the United Stales 
durjn;/ the Ureal Kebellion. 338-374; II McCullouch. Men and Mea- 

40 



suns. ch. 15-22. J. Sherman. Recollections, I. ch. 12. 13, 17, 2C. 21. G. S. 
Boutwell, Rciniiiiseiiccs, II, ch. 23, 25, 26. C. F. Dunbar, Laivs Relating 
to Finance. America Annual Cyclopedia. 1861-75, under "United 
States." For the important cases, Lane County v. Oregon, 7 Wallace 
71 ; Veazie Bank v. Fenno. 8 Wallace, 533 ; Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 
Wallace, 603; Legal Tender Cases. 12 Wallace, 457. 

Secondary Material: Rhodes. United States. III. 559-578. IV. Zi7-ZA2>. 
VI, 158-167, 215-280. H. White, Money and Banking, ch. 3, 14. A. M. 
Davis, Origin of National Banking .System. A. D. Noyes, Forty 
Years of American Finance. 1-72. D. R. Dewey, Financial History, 
ch. 12-16. F. Fessenden. William Pitt Fesscnden, 11, ch. 4-6, p-p. 103- 
108, 289-325. E. P. Oberholtzer, Jay Cooke, I, ch. 4-12, 18. Biogra- 
ph'ies of John Sherman. Salmon Chase, Levi P. Morton, J. W. Grimes. 



XXXVII. 

CIVIL WAR: ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. 

Divergence of opinion in North on slavery and its abolition; preservation 
of Union and abolition of slavery not identical. 

Steps before Emancipation Proclamation : Resolutions on Nature and 
Object of the War, July, 1861 ; Confiscation Act, August, 1861 ; ques- 
tion of slaves falling into Union hands; Fremont's proclamation neu- 
tralized by Lincoln; Butler and Contrabrands ; Joint Resolution for 
compensated emancipation ; slavery abolished in District of Columbia 
(April, 1862). in Territories (June, 1862) ; second Confiscation Act. 

i,incoln and Ivmancipation : problem of the border states; emancipatioi; 
proposition before Cabinet, July, 1862 ; the preliminary proclamation. 
September. 1862 (after Antietam) ; the Emancipation Proclamation, 
January, 1863, a war measure; varying reception by country. 

Congress and Slavery: XIII Amendment resolution passed l)y House. 
April, 1864, by Senate, January, 1865 ; announcement of ratification, 
December. 1865; repeal of Fugitive Slave Laws. June, 1864; Frecd- 
man's bureau (December, 1863, March. 1865.) 

R1':(JUIRKD READING: Fish. Development of .hneiiean Xalionality. 
ch. 23. passim. J. VV. Burgess. Ci7'il H'or and the Constitution, 
II, ch. 16. 18, 20. MacDonald. Poeuinenlary .Source Book. Nos. 121, 
124, 127-130. 132. 133. 144. 

41 



COLLATKRAL READING : 

Source Material : Ed. McPherson, Political History of the United States 
during the Great Rebellion. 195-261. A. Lincoln, IVorlcs (Biog. ed.), 
VI, 350, 353, 357-361, VII-X, (see index). G. Welles, Diary, I, II, (see 
index). Diary and Correspondence of Salmon P. Chase. A. K. Mc- 
Clure, Lineoln and the Men of War Times, 88-104. F. B. Carpenter 
Six Months at the White House. Hart, Contemporaries. IV, ch. 21. 
.hneriean Annual Cyclopedia, 1862, 786-796. 

Skcondakv Material: Rhodes, United States. Ill, 269-271, 466-476, 630- 
636, IV, X, scattered references, see table uf contents. Nicolay and 
Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, ch. 22, 24, V, ch. 12, VI, ch. 6 ; 8, 17,19,20; 
VIII, ch. 16, 20, X, ch. 4. Garrisons William Lloyd Garrison, IV, ch. 
1-6. H. Greeley, American Conflict. II, ch 11> 12, 22. H. W. Wilbur 
President Lincoln's .Ittitude tcrzcard slax'ery and Emancipation. Wm. 
Whiting, War Pourrs, cIl 3, 8. 



XXXVIII. 

CIVIL WAR: POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL 

QUESTIONS. 

Extraordinary powers conferred by Congress on President. 1861 ; ratifi- 
cation of previous acts. 

Habeas Corpus : Merryman Case ; suspension of privilege by President, 
September, 1862; Act (March, 1863) authorizing suspensions; quali- 
fied suspension over country, September, 1863; judicial interpretation 
of issue: Vallandigham episode Ohio 1863-4. 

Freedom of the Press: Copperhead Press; relation to military situation 
and morale of North. 

West Virginia and the Constitution ; Pierpont Government in Virginia ; 
admission of West Virginia, 1862-3 ; formal adhesion to Constitution. 

Politics and the War: The Union (Republican) Party, 1861-5; War 
Democrats and Copperheads ; election of 1862, Republican losses ; cam- 
paign of 1864, split between Conservative and Radical Republicans ; 
Democrats united on McClcUan and "war a failure" ; victory of Lin- 
coln and Union Party. 

Rl'XJUIRED READINC;. Fish. De^rlopmenl of American Xationality. 
ch. 2.^. passim. MacDonald. Documentary .Source Book, Xos. 123, 125, 
131, 135. 

42 



COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: American .binual Cyclopedia (1861), p. 328, 354, 439; 
(1862), pp. 275-376, 508-515; (1863), pp. 233-258, 268-328, 469-491; 
(1864), pp. 389-425; (1865), 414-421. Official Opinions of the Attor- 
neys-General, X. XL E. McPherson, Political History of the United 
States during the Great Rebellion, 153-195; 261-339, 374-398, 403-417, 
617-622. A. Lincoln, Works (Biog. ed.), VI, 266-361, VII-IX. C. L. 
Vallandigham, Record on Abolition, The Union, and the Civil 
War. G. W. Julian, Political Recollections, ch. 9-11. 

Secondary Material: A. Johnston, American Politics, ch. 20, J. W. Bur- 
gess, Civil War and the Constitution, II, ch. 28. J. N. Pomeroy, Con- 
stitutional La-w. sec. 662-668, 703-710. Rhodes, United States, IV, 163- 
170. 320-332, 408-418, 456-487, 507-539. W. A. Dunning, Essays on the 
Cifil War and Reconstruction, 1-62. Nicolay & Hay, Abraham Lin- 
coln, IV, ch. 6-8, VI. ch. 15. 16, VII, ch, 2, 12, 13, VIII, ch. 1, 2. PI D. 
Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil 
IVar. W. B. Weeden, War Government, State and Federal. R. C. 
Hurd. Treaties on Habeas Corpus. Stanwood, History of the Presi- 
dency, ch. 22. J. A. Marshall, .imerican Bastilc. 



XXXIX. 
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF CIVIL WAR. 

Attitude of European States : dominant classes in France and Great Brit- 
ain sympathetic with South ; British workingman for North ; Con- 
federate. Missions ; recognition of Belligerency (1861); Seward's pol- 
icy; failure of European States to recognize Confederacy: mediation- 
offer of France and Britain, 1861, rejected; attempt of France (1862) 
to secure British and Russian joint intervention; French attempt re- 
pulsed by United States (1863) ; attitude of Congress. 

Trent Affair: seizure of Confederate commissioners, November, 1861 ; pro- 
test of Great Britain ; act disavowed by United States. 

Salutary effects of Emancipation Proclamation ; the unofficial missions. 

The Confederate cruisers: Florida, .llabama (1862) and others escaping 
from. English ports; protests of Minister Adams; destruction of 
.\merican shipping; the Laird rams (1863); ultimatum of Adams. 

AUilninia claims: arbitration declined by Britain, 1865; growing irrita- 
tion in United States; Johnson-Clarendon Treaty, 1869, rejected bv 
U. S. Senate ; Grant's referneces in Messages, 1869, 1870 ; Joint High 
Commission, 1871 ; Treaty of Washington ; provision for arbitral tri- 
bunal and rules for its guidance ; Geneva Tribunal and .iward. 

43 



France, Mexico and tlic United States ; perennial discord of Mexico, revo- 
lutions and insecurity of life and property, failure to meet obligations; 
London agreement about Mexico (England, France, Spain), (1861); 
Allied Fleet to Vera Cruz ; Mexican Assurances ; withdrawal of Brit- 
tain and Spain; armed intervention of France; Mexican Empire of 
Maximilian; Seward's inquiries (1862), and resolutions of Congress 
( 1864) strong policy of United States after war ; withdrawal of 
French' forces, 1867; death of Maximilian and end of Mexican Empire. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Drz'clopinciit of .hiu-ricait Natiouality. 
385-389. 423-426. MacDonald. nocumoitary Sourer Book. Xo. 136. 
(Bassett, Short History, ch. 31.) 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1861-1872 (re- 
prints from Senate E.veeutive Documents; the published diplomatic 
correspondence is issued under this title year by year). Case of the 
United States before the (Geuez'a) Tribunal of Arbitration. W. H. 
Seward, Works. V. (For Mexico), House E.vee. Doc., 40 Cong. 2 sess., 
VII. No. 25. G. Welles, Diary. II, III. A. D. White, Autobiography. 
I, ch. 9. 11. 18. 

Secondary Materia!.: Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, ch. 10; 
Hosmer, Appeal to Anns. ch. 20, Outcome of Civil War, ch. 10; Bur- 
gess, Civil War and Constitution, II, ch. 33; Draper; Civil War, 11, ch. 
60-62, III, ch. 84; Cambridge Modern History, XII, ck. 2; Schouler. 
United States, VI, ch. 1, sec. 6 & 13. ch. 2, sec. 6; Rhodes. United 
States. Ill, 417-35, 519-43, IV. 76-95. ch. 3Z, V, 205-11 ; Morse, Lincoln. 
I. ch. 12; Adams, Charles Francis .Idams. 144-357; Seward. Seivard 
at Washington. I, ch. 60. 61. 65-7, II, ch. 1-9, 20-23, 25, 28, 34. C. F 
Adams, The Negotiations of iS6i relating to the Declaration of Paris. 
Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings. XLVI, 23-84. C. F. Adams. The Trent 
Affair, Am. Hist. Rcviezv. XVII, 540-562. H. Adams, Education of 
Henry Adams, ch. 8-13. 

Alabama Claims and Geneva Award. Dunning, Reconstruction. Political 
and Ecouo)nic. ch. 10. Foster, A Century of A.m. Diplomacy, ch. 11; 
Adams. C. F. Adams, cli. 17-19. Rhodes. United States, VI, ch. 38. 

France, Mexico and the United States. Rhodes, United States, VI, ch. 35. 
Dunning, Reconstruction, ch. 10. Latane, United States and Spajiish 
America, ch. 6. H. H. Bancroft, Mexico, VI, ch. 1-13. Bancroft, 
Sezvard, II ch. 40. 



44 



XL. 

RECONSTRUCTION— 1863-1868. 

Reconstruction under Lincoln : military governments in subdued areas : 
Amnesty Proclamation, December, 1863 — the Ten Percent Govern- 
ments; Wade-Davis Bill (1864) — opposition of Administration and 
Radical plans ; formation of Provisional Governments under Presi- 
dential Plan. 

Johnson and Reconstruction: Proclamation of Amnesty: proclamations 
for organizing provisional governments in remaining States ; provi- 
sional governments established (1865-6) ; Rebellion proclaimed ended. 
April, 1866. 

Congress and Reconstruction : refusal to seat members from South 
( 1865-6) : opposition to Presidential Reconstruction : theories of status 
of seceded States and of Reconstruction ; Reconstruction Committee 
and its work — Freedmen's Bureau Act. 1866. Civil Rights Bill, 1866 ; 
Amendment XIV submitted to States, 1866; Reconstruction as issue 
of campaign of 1866 — Johnson vs. Congress; country's approval of 
Radical plan. 

Congressional Domination: executive curbed (Tenure of Office Act, 
1867) ; First Reconstruction Act (1867) Radical negro legislation: con- 
flict with President ; Stanton episode ; impeachment proceedings (1868) ; 
triumph of Radicals in elections of 1868. 

REQUIRFD READING: Fish, Development of American Nationality, 
ch. 24. ( Bassett. Short Ifislory. ch. 28.) MacDonald, Doeumentary 
Souree Book. Nos. 131, 137, LW. 143. 145. 149, 150. 155. 157, 158, 161. 

COLLATKRAL READING. 

Source Material: Senate Exec. Docs., 39 Cong. 1 sess., I, No. 2, II, No. 
43 (reports of Grant, Schurz, Truman). House Reports. 39 Cong. 
1 sess., II, No. 30. Texas v. White. 7 Wallace. 700. Slaughter House 
Cases, 16 Wallace. 36, 111 U. S., 746. W. L. Fleming, Documentary 
History of Reconstruction. I. Nation. Harper's Weekly. Independent 
reflect something of popular feeling on Reconstruction. 

Secojsidary Material: W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, I'olilical and 
Economic (American Nation, vol. 22). ch. 1-7. Dunning, Essays on 
the Civil War and Reconstruction. 63-225, 253-303. Rhodes, United 
States. IV, 484-487, V, 47-57, 132-138, 516-626, VI, 1-192; W. L. Flem- 
ing, The sequel of Appomattox. Schouler, United States. VII. J. W. 
Burgess. Reconstruction and the Constitution, ch. 1-9. W. W. Wil- 
loughby, Constitutional Law. sec. 80, 85-90, 227, 238-242, 456-459, 480- 
487. Lives of J. G. Blaine, Samuel Bowles, S. P. Chase, Schuyler Col- 
fax, G. W. Curtis, C. A. Dana, Horace Greeley, Carl Schurz, Andrew 
Johnson, John Sherman, Thaddeus .Stevens, Charles Sumner, E. N. 
Stanton. 

45 



XLI. 
SOUTH UNDER RECONSTRUCTION. 

Organization of State Governments under Congressional plan : rcadmis- 
' sion of representatives to Congress ( 1868) ; withdrawal of military 
governments. 

Political and social demoralization of South: government of carpetbag- 
gers, scalawags and negroes ; riot of extravagance ; race conflicts ; Ku- 
Klux-Klan, Knights of White Camelia (1867) ; ratification and en- 
forcement of Amend. XIV, Amend. XV (1869-70) ; Ku-Klux-Act and 
investigation ; second Civil Rights Act. 

Pxonomic depression : exhausting effect of war upon South, destruction 
of material; brief period of revived industrial life. 1865-7; blighting 
effect of carpet-bag governments on economic life; extravagance and 
reckless schemes — railroad financing ; increase of taxation ; failure to 
attract outside capital and immigrants ; slow recovery of ante-bellum 
agricultural status. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Dczrlopiiiciil of Amcricau Nationality. 
ch. 24. (Bassett, Short History, ch. 29.) MacDonakl, Dociimcntarx 
Sourer Book. No. 159, 160. Fleming, Docitiiwiilary lli.Ktory of Recon- 
struction. II. ch. 9. 10. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: .S^cnatc Reports, II, No. 41 (13 pts.) 42 Cong. 2 sess.. 
for Ku Klux Report. Senate fieports. No. 1, 42 Cong. 1 sess. F. R 
Leigh, Ten )'ears on a Georgia Plantation. R. H. Giller, Democracy 
in the United States, 297-376. J. S. Pike, The Prostrate State: Nord- 
hoff, The cotton states i)i 1875. W. A. Alien, Co^'crnor Cha}nberlai)i's 
Adin'.nisli iiliou. .\. \\. Tourgeo, P(u>rs lirrand. Ih-ichs -u-ithou, 

Skcondakv Matf.riai. : Rluides, United Stales. \'l, 200-204, 244-246, 284- 
334, 395-391, VII, 74-174. Dunning, Reconstruction. Political and Eco- 
nomic. ch. 11, 13, 15-17, 19; Es.'ioys. 225-252; \V. L. Flemming, The 
sequel of Appomattox. \V. E. Dodd, Jefferson Davis. Reconstruc- 
tion monographs such as, W. L. Fleming, Alabama. C. M. Thompson, 
Georgia {Columbia University studies). C C. Pearson, Virginia. J. W. 
G'drnQr, Mississippi. ]. S. Reynolds, South Carolina. J. d. de R. Hamil- 
ton, North Carolina, W. W. Davis, Plorida. Laura Rose, Ku Klux 
Klan or the Inr'isible P>npire. P. Clayton, .Iflermath of the Cii'il ll'ar 
in Arkanstis. L. J. Webster, Operations of the l-'reednicn's Ihtreau 
in Soritli Carolina. 



46 



XLII. 
END OF RECONSTRUCTION. 

Beginnings of restoration of White control in Sonth : restoration of poli- 
tical rights in specified cases ; overturn of Radical Governments in 
Tennessee, 1869; Virginia, North Carolina, 1870; West Virginia, Geor- 
gia, 1871 ; Amnesty Act of 1872 — removal of political disahilitics ; full 
effects prevented by powers of Returned Boards supported by Fed- 
eral troops. 

Reconstruction and Election of 1872: Liberal Republicans against further 
rigors; defeat of Liberal Republicans and Democrats, but effects of 
influence felt; Grant's refusal of troops in Texas, 1873; Texas re 
stored, 1874; Alabama, Arkansas, 1874; moderating attitude of Xorth, 
growing wisdom of the South; beneficial results of Congressional elec- 
tions of 1874; Mississippi restored, 1875. 

Reconstruction and Presidential election of 1876; Democratic insistence 
on complete Southern autonomy; qualified approval of Hayes (Rep. 
candidate) ; election of Hayes; withdrawal of Federal troops; restor- 
ation completed in Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana. 

RRQUIRED READING: Fish, Dcvclot^mcul of Auicricau Xatioiiality, 
ch. 25. (Bassett, Short History, ch. 30.) MacDonald. Ihicumculary 
Source Book, No. 162, 164-168, 170-173, 176. 

COLLATERAL RhlADING: 

SouRCK M.VTERiAi. : 1*". AlcPhersou, Handbook of Aiiwricaii Politics. 
(1868-1876.) American Annual Cyclopedia (1868-1876). Tribune Al- 
manac. Nation. Harper'.^ H'eekly, .YfU'tli American Revieic. 

^'i;coNn.\RV AIatkri.xl: Biographies of Greeley. Shurz, C. F. Adams. 
.S. J. Tilden. Samuel Bowles, Roscoe Conkling, R. B. Hayes, C. .\. 
Dana, John Sherman, et al. Foulke, Oliver P. Morton ; Geo. Bout- 
well, Reminiscence.'; : G. F. Hoar, .Autobiography. Most of the refer- 
ences in section XLI cover certain phases of this topic. 



47 



^Dvy 



XLIII. 
THE NEW SOUTH. 

Restoration of while rule, 1869-1877. 

Revival of agriculture; cotton, suger, rice, corn, fruit and vegetable cul- 
ture; application of more advanced methods of farming; utilization 
of bj-products. c. g. cotton seed. 

Revivial and extension of manufacturing after 1880, cotton manufacture; 
hill-people as laborers; woman and child labor; advantages and dis- 
advantages of industrialism ; slow abandonment of laisscs-fairc. 
Lumbering ; exploitation of the pine forest of the South ; competition 
with lumber of North and West. 

Minerals and metals; mining of coal and iron; iron and steel manufac- 
tures ; Alabama as center of steel and iron industry. 

Social readjustment; the Negro question; migrations of the seventies; 
clash of race ; fitting the Negro to freedom and economic independ- 
ence. 
Education problems : poverty of South and problem of illiteracy. 

REQUIRED RE.^DING; F. L. Paxson. New Nation, ch. 12. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

There is considerable and growing literature on various aspects of the 
New Soutl;. In the American Nation, scattered references are found 
in Sparks, National Development, Dewey, National Problems. Bogart. 
Economic History, makes passing reference to the southern situation, 
while Wright. Industrial Evolution, devotes a chapter (12) to the 
topic. Holland Thompson, From Cotton Field to Cotton Mill, The 
Ne-7t' South. P. A. Bruce. Rise of the New .South. G. T. Winston, 
Daniel Augustus Thompkins. Two chapters in Bryce, Ame'rican Coin- 
.momveatlh, (II. ch. 92, 93) are good. A number of separate works 
contain intelligent discussions ; E. G. Murphy, Problems of the Pre- 
sent .South (1904), J. C. Hardy, South's Supremacy in Cotton Grow- 
ing, M. B. Hammond, Cotton Industry (chs. 4-6), Ethel Armes, Story 
of Coal and Iron in Alabama, deal with economic and somewhat with 
social phases. Vol. 35, No. 1, of the Annals of the American Academy 
(1910) contains a number of articles by various persons. Of the 
Government publications, in addition to the decennial census Reports. 
certain Bulletins of the Bureau of Labor, .Senate Report No. 986, 53 
Cong., 3 sess., and No. 645, 61 Cong., 2 sess., are valuable. Appleton's 
Annual Cyclopedia reports the progress by States each year. Massa- 
chusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Cotton Manufacturing in 
}fassachusells and the Southern States, in A)inual Report for 1905, 
pp. 39-106. 

On the race question there is a voluminous literature; works by Booker 
T.. Washington, Killy .Miller, W. 1'.. B. DuBois. are among those wliicli 

48 



discuss the question from the Negro's point of view, while G. W. 
Cable, T. N. Page, G. S. Merriam. W. P. Pickett, are among the 
Whites who have written on the topic. Senate Report, No. 693, 46 
cong., 2nd sess. ; W. L. Flemming, "Pap' Singleton, the Moses of the 
Colored Exodus." Am. Jour. Sociology. XV: 61-82. Poole's Index and 
the Reader's Guide contain numerous references to periodical articles 
on the topic. 



XLIV. 
NORTH AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 

Economic conditions : war prosperity continued to 1867 ; business de- 
pression 1867-8; boom period, 1869-73; great railroad extension; con- 
pletion of first transcontinental road ; basis of railroad "Systems" ; 
overdevelopment — too much capital in permanent improvements. 

Panic of 1873 : years of economic depression ; Centennial Exposition, 
1876; beginnings of revival of business conditions: growth of foreign 
trade. 

Development of Mining Frontier : backwash of migration to mountain 
region during war and thereafter ; beginnings of silver agitation. 

Development of Agricultural Frontier ; filling up of Middle West ; oper- 
ation of Homestead Law: increasing influence of Middle West in Na- 
tional life; agrarian movements; Anti-Monopoly and Granger move- 
ments. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of American Nationality. 
ch. 24, 25, passim. (Basset, Short History, ch. 31, passim, ch. 32.) 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Materi.vl : Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia (1872-78). J. R. Com- 
mons, Documentary History of American Industrial Society. IX, X. 
Henry Villar'l, Memoirs, II, ch. 38-42. Annual Reports of Commis- 
sioner of Railroads. G. M. Dodge, Hozv We Built the Union Pacific 
Railroad. H. V. Poor, Manual of Railroads (1868-1875). H. Greeley, 
Overland Journey. Samuel Bowles, Across the Continent. G. T. Ing- 
ham, Digging Gold .Aniong the Rockies. Alex. Majors. S rventy Ycar.^ 
on the Fronteir. G( p.eral Land Office, Reports. Patrons of Husbandry, 
Proceedings. 

Seconu.^ry M.'\tebial: Dunnnig, Reco)istructio)i. Political and Economic 
ch. 9. Boggart, Economic History, ch. 20-22. I. Lippincoit, Economic 
f)evelopntcnt of the United States, ch. 12, 14. C. R. Lingley, Since 
the Civil IVar. cii. 3. Rhodes, United States. VII, 37-73. Dewey, 
Financial History, sees. 158-161, 170-175. F. L. Paxson, Pacific Rail- 

49 



rnoiis and Pisuff'i'annic.- of Ihr Frontier. K. R. Johnson, .-hin'riciii 
J'iailwuy Transportation, ch. 25. C. F. Adams, Railroacls. l\. K. 
White, Union Poctfic Railx^ay. Cleveland and Powell, Raih-oad /\co'- 
gani::aiion. F. L. Paxson, Last American Frontier, ch. 9-10. T. C. 
Smitl'. Fxfansion after the Cii'il li'ar, Pol. Science Quar.. XVI : 412. 
Jos. Schafcr, Pacific Xortlnvest. 260-270. C. H. Shinn, .Slory of lite 
Mine. State histories. S. J. Bnck, Granger Movement, Agrarian Crn- 
sade. ch. 1-5. J. W. Darrow, Patrons of Husbandry. E. Hough, Pass- 
ing of the Frontier. K. Coman, Economic Beginnings of the Fa-- 
West. II. For extended list of references see Channing, Hart and 
Turner, Guide, sec. 245-248, 250, 252. 253. 



XLV. 
NORTH AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 

Politics; 1868-1877, the administration of President Grant: Grant as 
President ; entrenchment of Republicans on War and Reconstruction 
issues ; growing demand for administrative and economic changes : 
Liberal Republican movement 1870-72; victory of regular Republicans 
in campaign of 1872. 

Period of national disgrace ; political scandals in nation. State and city : 
low political tone of period ; increasing demand for reform. 

Democratic victories of 1874. 

Agrarian movement in Politics ; Grangers ; rise of Greenback Party, 
1875-6. 

Campaign of 1876 : Issues — currency, Reconstruction, reform ; Grant 
and Third Term ; Republicans and Hayes vs. Democrats and Tilden ; 
disputed count in Southern States ; contested vote of Oregon ; contest 
before Congress; Electoral Commission; election of Hayes. 

REQUIRED READING: Dunning. Recon.Hruction, I'olilical and Feo- 
nomic, ch. 8, 12, 15, 18-21. MacDonald, Documentary .S^uirce Hook. 
No. 177. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source Material: 42 Cong. 3 sess.. House Reports. II. Nos. 77, 78. 
44 Cong. 1 sess., House Reports. Nos. 176. 186. II. No. 345. V, No. 
784. VI. Nos. 789, 791, 793, VII, No. 794; Hou.^e Misc. Docs.. IV, 
No. 84. V, No. 167, IX. No. 186, X, No. 193. Congres.s-ional Record. 
IV. 2724. 2725. .3602-3617. American Annual Cyclopedia (1869-1876). 
S. J. Tilden, Writings. I. 499-517, 11, .30-45. 354-492. G. W. Julian. 

50 



Political NciiiinisCi'iiccs. ch. 15. J. G. Blaine, Ticriity ]'i\!)s of Con- 
gress, II, ch. 22, 24-26, 28. A. D. White. Antobiocjrapliw \. 159-181. 
Nation. Harper's Weekly. 

Seconnd.\ry Material: Lingley, Since the Civil War. ch. 2, 4, 5. Rhodes. 
United States, VII, 1-29. 64-73, 175-291. E. B. Andrews. United States 
in Our Ozi'n Time. 11-16. 23-32, 57-78. 104-109, 200-242. Stanwood. 
History of the Presidency, cli. 24, 25. F. L. Paxson, XcTi.' Nation, ch. 
2. 4. Williams. Life of Rutherford B. Hayes, I. ch. 23-26. G. Myers. 
History of Tammany Hall, ch. 25-27. J. B. Crawford, Credit Moblier. 
C. F. Adams. Chapter of Erie. B. White, Book of Daniel Dreiv. P. 
L. Haworth, Hayes-Tilden Disputed lilection. F. F. Haynes, Third 
Party Moz^onents. ch. 8-14. 



XLVI. 
GOVERNMENTAL REORGANIZATION. 

Closing the issues of the Civil War: Hayes' policy with South Carolina 
and Louisiana — removal of the Federal troops: dissention anionic 
the Republicans ; struggle over the Force Bills, 1878-1879. 

Civil Service Reform: an issue in 1870-73: renewed agitation and issues 
in 1876; reform associations: Hayes and reform; Haj'os-Conkling 
controversy; patronage in election of 1880; Garfield; .Arthur and Civil 
Service Reform Act, 1883. the Commission ; gradual extension of clas- 
sified service. 

F]xtensi(jn of Governmental activities : new departments and bureaus to 
handle new business; conservation and development of National re- 
sources: extension of governmental functions (parcels post. jKistal 
savings bank;:). 

Democratization of Local Ciovernments : Direct legislation in .States ; re- 
arranging of governmental machinery ; re-organization of municip.il 
governments. 

i>Jl-:OIIlRT'D RI'.ADIXG: Bassett, Short History, 703-705, 707-712. Mac- 
Donald, J)iicumenli!ry Wmree Book, Xo. 179. F. hi Sp;irks, Xatio)ial 
Dez'clopment (.Imerican Nation, vol. 23), ch. 10. 12. 

COLL.\Ti:RAL RKADING : 

SnuRcK Matkriai.: .\ppleto)i's .liinnal Cyclopedia (1880-1884). articles 
on "Civil Service.' V.. McPherson, Handbook of .American Politics 
(1880-1884), Civil Service Commission, Reports. National Conserva- 
tion Commission Report. (Sen. Docs., 60 Cong. 2 sess.. X-XII, No. 
676.) National Conservation Association. Publications. G. Pinchot, 
Fight for Conservation. T. Roosevelt, Autobiography (1913). C. A. 
Beard, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Documents. 

51 



Secondary Mateuial : Fish, Civil Service and Patronage, ch. 10. Lalor, 
Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Politi- 
cal History of the United States, articles under "Civil Service Rr- 
forni," "Patronage."' Stanwood, History of the Presidency, ch. 26. 
F. A. Ogg, National Progress, ch. 8; H. J. Ford, "Political Evolu- 
tion and Civil Service Reform," Annals of American .-icademy, 15: 
145-149. Rhodes, United Slates. VIII, 1-13. ch. 3. 5, 7. A. R. Conkling, 
Roscoe Conkling'. ch. 31-35. For extension of governmental activities, 
C. A. Beard, American Government and Politics. C. R. Van Hise, 
Conservation of Natural Resources. W. B. Munro, Government of 
.Anierican Cities: Initiative. Referendum and Recall. J. Q. Dealey, 
Our .Stale Consliliitiiuis. 



XLVII. 
TARIFF AND MONETARY ISSUES. 

Tariff agitation, legislation and politics: war tariff' maintained to 1872; 
growth of surplus ; demand for reduction of rates ; Tariff Commis- 
sion of 1882; act of 1883; tariff and party politics, 1884; election of 
Cleveland; principal issue in election of 1888; McKinley Act, 1890, 
and protectionism ; tariff in election of 1892 ; second election of Cleve- 
land ; Wilson Act, 1894, and reductions ; Dingley Tariff, 1897, and 
height of protectionism; renewal of tariff agitation ahout 1905; cam- 
paign of 1912 and Democratic tariff of 1913. 

Monetary Issues; resumption of specie payments, 1879; silver issues; 
"Crime of 73," Bland-Allison .Vet. 1878; predominance of silver issue, 
1890-6— Populism ; Panic of 1893; defeat of Free Silver in 1896; gold 
hasis, 1900. 

Need of elastic currency; recurrent agitation; emphasized after panic 
of 1907; Aldrich-Vreeland Act, 1908; Federal Reserve Act, 1913. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of American Nationatily. 
ch. 26. MacDonald, Documentary Source Hook. Nos. 174, 178, 182, 
183. (Bassett. Short History. 719-728, ch. Mh) 

COLLATERAL READING : 

Source Material: Periodicals like the .Irena. .\'alion. North .Imeriean 
Review. Harper's Weekly. Congressional Record is replete with tar- 
iff and monetary discussions from 1872. G. Cleveland, Presidential 
Problems, ch. 1. Writings. Autobiographies, etc., of Benj. Harrison. 
John Sherman. A. D. White, G. F. Hoar. T. C. Piatt. W. M. Stewart, 
W: J. Bryan. W. H. Harvey, Coin's Financial School. W. A. Peffer, 
TJie Parmer's .Side. H. R. Chanil)crlain, Parmer's .Uliance. 

52 



Secondary Material: Paxon, New Nation, ch. 13, 14. C. A. Beard, 
Contemporary American History, ch. 7, 12. Dewey, Financial His- 
tory, ch. 15, 17, 19. Rhodes. United States, VIII, ch. 7. 9-13, Passim. 
Dewe\', National Problems (American Nation, vol. 24), ch. 14, 16, 20: 
F. A. Ogg, National Progress (American A^ation, vol. 27), ch. 2, 13. 
H. T. Ford, The Cleveland era. F. E. Ha\'nes, Third party mnvonents. 
Taussig, Tariff History (6th ed.), Some Aspects of the Silver Ques- 
tion, Silz'cr Situation in the United States. Stanwood, History of th'^ 
Presidency, ch. 27, 28. 29. S. J. Buck. Agrarian Crusade, ch. 6-14. H. 
R. Willis, Federal Reserve. E. W. Kemmerer, The A. B. C. of the Fed- 
eral Reserve System. Articles on Federal Reserve system in American 
Economic rezie-w and Quarterly Journal of Economics for 1914. 



XLVIII. 
BIG BUSINESS AND THE GOVERNMENT. 

Railroad extension and consolidation : periods of railroad expansion, 1869- 
1873; 1886-1893; relation to panics, 1873. 1884, 1893; period of intens.^ 
competition — rate wars ; attempts at co-operation, rate agreements, 
pools, traffic associations; growth of "systems"; railroads and legisla- 
tion : "Grangor laws." and their partial failure ; railroads, big business 
and the unrest of '80's and '90's ; Hepburn (1906). Mann-Elkins (1910) 
acts; later strengthening of Interstate Commerce Commission. 

Development of large scale industrial organization : concentration of capi- 
tal especially after Civil War ; varying forms of organization ; the 
"trusts"; Sherman anti-trust act, 1890, and its early impotence; re- 
newed consolidation after Spanish War ; the corporations ; prosecu- 
tions under Sherman Act. "rule of reason," 1911; Clayton Act and 
Federal Trade Commission (1914). 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of American Nationality. 
ch. 18, passim. (Bassett, Short History, ch. 35.) MacDonald, Docu- 
mentary .Source Book, 180, 181. 

COLLATERAL REu^DING: J. W. Jenks, Trusts and Industrial Com- 
binations. Bulletins of the Bureau of Labor. Reports of Interstate 
Commerce Commission, Industrial Commission, and Federal Trade 
Commission. Periodicals. Congressional Documents. Volumes of the 
.Imerican \'alion: Sparks. Afatioual Dez'elop)nent. ch. 4. 5. Dewey, 
National Problems, ch. 6. Latane. United States as a World Power, 
ch. 18. Ogg, National Progress, ch. 3, 4, 13. Paxson, New Nation, 
ch. 6, 10, 18. Beard, Conton.porary American History, ch. 2 5, 9-12. 
C. R. Van Hise, Concentration and Control. W. Z. Ripley, Trusts, 

53 



Pools and Corporations : Raihavy Problems. K. R. Johnson, America)'. 
Railivay Transportation. E. J. Moody, Truth about the Trusts. Hol- 
land Thompson, The age of invention. B. J. Hendrick, The age of 
big business. John Moody, The railroad builders. The masters of cap- 
ital. I. M. Tarbell, A'cu' Ideals in business. J. W. Jenks and W. R. 
Clark. 'Trust problem. 



XLVIX. 
LABOR AND IMMIGRATION. 

Rise of increased labor agitation after Civil War : organized labor ; de- 
pressing effects of panic of 1873 Knights of Labor, 1879-1886; rise 
of American Federation of Labor, 1886; radical organizations. I. W. 
W.. 1905; labor disturbances, strikes lockouts, etc., (1885-1886. 1894- 
1895. increasing number 1902-1916) ; organized labor and the courts , 
boycott, injunction; arbitration; remedial legislation, state and na- 
tional. 

Innnigration : changing character of immigrant ; predominance of North- 
ern Kuropean to 1895 ; slow increase of Southern European immigrant 
to 1885. rapid increase after 1885 ; immigration checked by panics ; 
problem of distribution and assimilation ; Chinese immigration and 
the Pacific Coast; Exclusion Acts; agitation over immigration prob- 
lems and acts of 1903. 1907; Immigration Commission and its Report: 
Ja])anese immigration and international complications ; immigration 
act (f 1917; immigration and the Great War. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of American Nationality. 
ch. 28. (Bassett. Short History. 741-744. 774-777.) MacDonald. Docii- 
menlary Source Book. Nos. 190. 195. 196. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

SnuKCE Matkriai. : J. R. Commons. Pociimenlary llistory of .Imerican 
Industrial Society. X. Repcu-ls of Commissioner (after 1913. Secre- 
tary) of Lalior. Report of Immigration Commission, especially tho 
Ahslnicls. in two volumes, f'edcritlioiiisl. Bureau of Statistics. .Innuni 
Reports. 

Si'X'ONDAUV Matkriai. ; Si)arks. .\atio)itil 1 >evel()pmnil . ch. 2. 5. 14. 22. 
Dewey, Xational I'roblems, ch. 3, 18. Latane. I'nited States as World 
Po7,'er. cli. 17. 18. Ogg. National Progress, ch. 5. 7. Paxson. Ne-zc Na- 
tion, ch. 13. 17. 18. passim. Rhodes. L'uiled Stales. \TI1. ch. 1. 2. 
.\dams and Sumner, Organized Labor. R. T. V.\\. Labor .\/(n'ement 
(covering to 1886). M. A. Aldrich. American Tedcralion of Labor. J. 

54 



R. Commons. History of Labor in the United States. Barnett and Mc 
Cabe, Mediation, Investigation, and Arbitration in the United States. 
McLaughlin and Hart, Cylopcdia of American Government, articles 
under "Labor," "Strikes," "Wages," etc. C. D. Wright, The industrial 
evolution of the United States, Cleveland, Presidential problems. J. 
Mitchell, Organised labor. S. P. Ortli, The Armies of Labor. J. G. 
Brooks, American syndicalism : the L IV. W . In addition to numer- 
ous works dealing with immigration in its general phases, there are 
studies of different nationalities, such as: F. J. Warne, Slav Invasion 
of the United States; A. B. Faust, German Element in America; Elioi 
Lord, Italians in America; K. C. Babcock, Scandinavian Element in 
the United States. S. P. Orth, Our foreigners. Mayo-Smith, Emi- 
gration and immigration. 



L. 

UNITED STATES AS A WORLD POWER, I. 

North American Issues; fisheries; seal fisheries and Behring Sea contro- 
versy ; Alaskan Boundary. 

Monroe Doctrine and Latin America : Latin American policy of Blaine ; 
Venezuela Boundary controversy, issue with Great Britain ; Venezuelan 
imbroglio of 1902. 

The Spanish War and its consequences : Cuban revolutions ; protests of 
the United States; De Lome Letter; Maine; the opening of the war; 
operations in Cuba, Porto Rico and Pliilippincs ; treaty of Paris; 
Spanish cessions. 

Problems created by the Spanish War : Cuba — withdrawal of forces and 
Piatt Amendment; revolution and intervention, 1906h9; Porto Rico, 
developing of self governing territory ; Philippines — complex problem 
of the islands ; questions of status ; development of autonomy, 1902- 
1916, act of 1916; material and cultural development. 

Oriental relations : China and the Open Door ; Japanese issues — China, 
Philippines and Pacific Coast questions. 

Isthmian -interests : significance of Isthmian Canal after Spanish War: 
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 1901; negotiations for Canal Zone; Panama 
revolution; digging canal; question of tolls. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of American Nationality, 
ch. 27. (Bassctt, Short Llistory, civ. ,^7. 38.) MacDonald, Documentary 
Source Book, Nos. 184, 185, 187. 

55 



COLLATERAL KKADLNG: 

Soi'KCE Materiai- : J. B. Moore, Digest of Intcnuitioiuil Law, sec. lOS, 
110, 166-168, 172, 173. 297, 361-365, 638, 966. Intcrnatioual Arbitra- 
tions, I, 755-961, V, 4759-4767, 5017, 5018. Aumial Register, under 
"United States." .Ipflcion's Annual Cyclopedia, to 1902. Secretary of 
War, .hiniial Ixeports. United States Department of State, Spanish 
Diplomatic Correspondence and Documents. 56 Cong. 1 sess.. Senate 
Documents, XXXIV, No. 388, Notes on the Spanish American War. 
Philippines Commission, Annual Reports. Bureau of Insular Affairs, 
Reports. Reports of Governors of Hawaii, Porto Rico, Philippines. 
W. R. Thayer. Life of John Hay. II. ch. 28, 29. United States De- 
partment of State. Diplomatic Llistory of the Panama Canal, 63 Cong. 
2 sess.. Senate Documents, No. 474. Various titles by such men as 
T. Roosevelt, W. H. Taft, Whitelaw Rcid, G. F. Hoar, Fred. Funston. 
etc. Periodicals and newspapers. 

Secondary M.\terial : Fish, American Diplomacy, ch. 16-29, 32. Latane. 
United States as a World Power, ch. 1-6, 8-10, 12. Ogg. National 
Progress, ch. 14. Paxson. Nezu Nation, ch. 16. 17. Rhodes. United 
States, Vni, cli. 20. J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic Ques- 
tions. Latane L'nited States a)id Spanish America. G. Cleveland. 
Presidential J-'roblems, ch. 4. J. W. Foster, American Diplomacy in 
the Orient. F. K. Chadwick, Relations of the L'nited States and Spain, 
I, ch. 20-29, II. .\. G. Robinson, Cuba and Intervention. D. Worces- 
ttT. Philippines. I'asi and Present, especially H. H.L. Abbot, Japanese 
Expansion and .hnerican Policies. S. K. Hornbeck. Contemporary 
Politics in the Par East. M. W. Williams, Anglo-American L^thmian 
Diplomacy. Opi)enheini, Panama Canal Conflict. A.C. Coolidge. United 
States as a Jt'orld Pozeer. K. Kawakami. United States and Japan. 



56 



LI. 

UNITED STATES AS A WORLD POWER, II. 

Tlie Gulf and the Caribean ; Central America — increased interest in 
Central American affairs as result of Canal ; intervention ; Washing 
ton Peace Conference, 1907; Root Policy; "Dollar Diplomacy" of 
Knox; Nicaragua Canal treaty, 1914-1916; protests of other Central 
American states. Dominican and Haitian Republics — extreme demor • 
alization ; intervention, San Domingo, 1905, under interpretation of 
Monroe Doctrine; protectorate treaties, 1916, 1917. Virgin Islands — 
early purchase negotiations, 1867, 1901 ; treaty of purchase, 1917. 

Me.xico and the United States: internal conditions as bearing on interna- 
tional relations; Diaz regime, 1877-1911; revolutionary period, 1910; 
interest of United States — insecurity of life and property in Mexico, 
border disurbances, possibility of European intervention ; interven- 
tion by United States — Tampico, 1914, Pershing expedition, 1916-7; 
subsequent relations with Carranza government. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish, Development of Ameriean Nationality, 
ch. 27, 30, passim, Ameriean Diplomacy, ch. 31, 35. 

COLLATERAL READING: 

Source M.vtkrial : The most convenient compilation of facts is to be 
found in the Ameriean ]'ear Book, beginning in 1910, under "Interna- 
tional relations," and in the International Year Book, under "Domini- 
can Republic," "Haiti," "Nicaragua," "Mexico," etc. E. O'Shaugnessy, 
A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico; Diplomatic Days. See Reader's Guide 
for voluminous contemporary writings. 

Second.-xrv Material: Pa.xson, Neiv Nation, ch. 20. Lingley, Since the 
Civil War, ch. 23. Latane. United States as World Pozver, ch. 12, 20. 
Ogg, National Progress, ch. 13-16, 18, 19. D. Hannay, Porfirio Diaz, 
esp. ch. 6-10. Annals of the American Academy of Political and So- 
cial Science, 1914, pp. 134-235, XXVI, 47, 93, LIV, 28. A. H. Verill, 
Porto Rico, Past and Present and San Domingo of Today. Wester- 
gaard, Danish JVest Indies, supplementary chapter. S. Bonsai. Th<- 
Ameriean Mediterranean. H. H. Powers. America among the nations 



57 



LII. 
THE NEW AGE. 

Inquiry into current and economic, political and social issues: "Big Busi- 
ness" on the defensive; the "Muck Rakers"; insurance investigation 
in New York ; trust suits ; postal and land investigations ; conserva- 
tion movement. 

The new spirit in national politics: socialism as a political factor; growth 
of the socialise vote; progressive tendencies in the old parties, Bryan, 
LaFollette, Roosevelt, ct al.; election of 1904 and triumph of new 
spirjt ; beginnings of insurgency among Republicans in Congress, 
1907; attacks on Aldrich-Cannon domination; temporary success of 
reaction in election of 1908; Payne-.^ldrich tariff; Insurgency, 1910; 
progressive movement and Republican disscntion ; liberal elements 
prominent in 1912 election, Wilson Democrats, Progressive Party. 

Tangible results of the new spirit : progressive legislation : food laws ; 
control of campaign contributions; Amendments XVI and XVII; 
amended interstate commerce and anti-trust laws ; financial legisla- 
tion ; suffrage extension. 

The new spirit in State and city : direct legislation progress, initiative and 
referendum ; direct primaries ; "Oregon system" ; cities and the short 
ballot, commission government. 

REQUIRED READING: Fish. Development of Aniericau Nationality. 
ch. 30. (Bassett. Short History, ch. 40. 41.) 

COLLATERAL READING: Paxson, New Nation, chs. 15, 17-19. 
Beard, Contemporary American History, chs. 10-13. Linglcy, Si)ice 
the Civil War. ch. 20-22. 24. T. Roosevelt. Autobiography. J. B. Bis- 
hop. Theodore Roosevelt and his time, 2 vols. W. D. Lewis, The life of 
Theodore Roosevelt, W. E. Dodd, Woodrow Wilson and his "ivork. 
Chronological accounts are to be found in such periodicals as the 
World's Work, Literary Digest, Review of Revie^vs, Political Seiotce 
Quarterly. The American Year Book beginning 1910 summarizes the 
year's progress ; AppletO)i's Annual Cyclopedia closes with 1902. Cur- 
rent comment of value is found in the Natio)i. Independent, Outlook. 
World's Work. Such periodicals as Collier's. La Toilette's, The Com- 
moner. American. Everybody's, contain much of tlse so-called "muck 
raking" material. Works of a more sensational nature are such as 
Steffens, 'The Slia)ne of the Cities, or Sinclair, The Jungle (in fiction 
form). Ross, Changing .Imerica. H. Croly. The Promise of .Imeriean 
Life, W. E. Weyl, New Democracy, are examples of more sober ac- 
counts of the new spirit. In addition to the current periodicals men- 
tioned, contributed articles of a political nature are found in the .//- 
lantic. North American Review, World's Work, Political Science 
Quarterly an! others. Biographies such as Riis, Roosci'elt, Crol.--. 
Marcus llatnid. \\ . 15. Hale, Ji'oodro:c Wils-on. are userui. W P> 

58 



Munro, liiitiairvc. Rcfcrcuditiii and Recall; Govcnniiciit of American 
Cities, j. (J. Dealy, Oti>- Slate Constitutions; C. R. Woo'irnff, City 
Goz'ernnienl by Cojiiinissio)!. The Political Science Qnarterly contain.^ 
a number of articles dealing with experiments in State and local poli- 
tics, such as those by G. H. Haynes. 



LIII. 
UNITED STATES AND THE GREAT WAR. 

Attitude of people of United States at outbreak of Great War: conflictinu 
opinions and sympathies: "hyphenated Americans" : gradual alienation 
of American sentiment from Central Powers. 

Neutrality of the United States: Declaration of Neutrality, August 4. 
1914; neutrality of government attitude vs. neutrality of sentiment: 
controversies with Great Britain — ^blockade, contraband, mails : con- 
troversies with' Germany — munitions question, German intrigues and 
conspiracies in United States, intrigues against the United States in 
Mexico and other Latin-American countries, submarine controversy, 
Lusitania. Susse.v. etc.: the War and the Presidential Campaign of 
1916. 

United States and peace overtures. 

War witii Germany and her allies : American grievances : Zimmermann 
note : unrestricted submarine warfare ; rupture of diplomatic relations 
with Germany: the Declaration of War, April 6, 1917. 

United States in the war : raising and equipping the army, the selective 
draft ; military and naval activities of the American forces in Europe : 
war activities at home: disloyalty and pro-Ciermanism at a minimum; 
the elections of 1918. 

Tile Peace: Peace conference and President Wilson; terms of peace: 
United States sentiment on the peace; the League of Nations. 

RKQUIRED READING: Fish. DevelopuienI of American Xalinnalily. 
ch. 31. (Bassett, Slua-t Hislory of the United States, ch. 42.) 

COLLATERAL READING: Lingley, Since the Ci-ril War. ch. 25. Thr 
most useful single publication is Current History published by the 
New York Tin:es. S. B. Harding, The .Study of the (ireat ll'ar, issued 
by the Committee on Public Information. Other publications of the 
Committee on Public Information. Practically limitless periodical 
literature on all phases of the war and war activities as well as num- 
erous books are available. American )'ear Booh. 1914-1919, under 
"International Relations." J. M. Beck, The Jl'ar and Huinanily. A. 

59 



Dullard. Mi)bili::iii(/ America. A. Chcradamc, I'hr ['uitnl Stales mid 
I'an-Gcnnauia. S. D. Fess. The Problems of Xeittral'Jy i^'heii the 
World is at War. 64 Cong. Doc., serial number 2111. J. \\". Gerard, 
il/v Four )'ears in Berlin, cli. 18, 19. Committee on Public Informa- 
tion. Hozv the liar Came tei .Imerica. W. F. Osborne, America at 
War. Z. Chaffee, freedom of speech. Robinson and West, The for- 
eign Policy of President Wilson. E. K. Sperry. German Plots and 
Intrigues, issued by Committee on Public Information. Review of 
Reviews Co., President Wilson's State J\ipers and .Iddresses. \\. K. 
Dodd, ]]'oodroiv Wilson and his work-. J. S. Bassett, (hif- War leitli 
Germany. C. H. Haskins and R. H. Lord, Some problems of the 
I'eaee Conference. ¥.. M. House, (ed.). What l\eally Happened at 
Paris. 



60 



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